@conference {69517,
	title = {Daily water intake by individual cows on a pasture diet during mid lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {257-260},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Three small studies were undertaken in the Waikato involving daily measurements of water intake of individual mixed-age Holstein-Friesian and crossbred cows, mid lactation. In Trial 1 at Ruakura, cows were monitored whilst grazing and, in Trials 2 and 3 at DairyNZ, pasture was cut and fed to cows indoors. Mean daily water intakes by Trial were 41.3, 78.2 and 60.1 L/cow, respectively; standard deviations were 4.5, 8.3 and 7.2 L/cow, and between-cow repeatabilities averaged 0.56 {\textpm} 0.08. There were two days of rain in Trial 1; the greater of these rainfalls (26.4 mm) led to a 62\% reduction in water intake. There was no rainfall above 2 mm in Trials 2 or 3. Daily feed intakes (and feed dry-matter percentages) of cows were also available (Trials 2 and 3), and combined daily water intake (calculated from actual-water intakes plus water content of the feed consumed) averaged 104.5 and 110.6 L/cow, respectively. At an average water intake from the trough of 60 L/cow, the 25\% of cows drinking least are expected to drink ~8.4 L (14\%) less than average. This knowledge is useful when planning management practices such as supplementing water with zinc sulphate for facial eczema protection.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Morris CA and Hickey SM and Thom ER and Waugh CD}
}
@conference {41135,
	title = {Milk production from perennial ryegrass pastures containing different levels of endophyte},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {258-262},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {These experiments aimed to compare milk production in spring and autumn from perennial ryegrass pastures containing either
low (L) (<10\%) or high (H) levels of endophyte infection at two pasture allowances.  In October 1997 milk yield was higher (P<0.05) from L compared with H endophyte (15.1 v 14.4 kg/cow/day), similarly for fat yield (0.95 v 0.9 kg/cow/day), and milksolids (MS) (1.53 v 1.46 kg/cow/day), but not protein yield.  In October 1998 there was no effect of endophyte level on milk, fat, protein and MS yield.  In March 1998 milk yield was higher (P<0.001) from H compared to L endophyte (8.5 v 7.4 kg/cow/day), similarly for fat yield (0.53 v 0.48 kg/cow/day), protein yield (0.35 v 0.34 kg/cow/day) and MS yield (0.89 v 0.81 kg/cow/day).  No carryover effects were recorded on milk yield or composition in any period.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Clark DA and Thom ER and Waugh CD and Burggraaf VT}
}
@conference {40838,
	title = {Milk production from pastures and pasture silage with different levels of endophyte infection},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {292-296},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) pastures in New Zealand  contain the fungal endophyte (Acremonium lolii). This association produces  a range of toxins; some, such as lolitrem B and ergovaline have been  associated with ryegrass staggers, decreased serum prolactin, heat stress and  decreased milk yield. Grazing trials with lactating cows have given  equivocal results in terms of milksolids yield. Two experiments examined the effects on autumn milk production of  supplementing cows grazing pasture with grass and grass/clover silages  containing different endophyte concentrations on autumn milk production.  Forty cows were used in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment with low (L) and high  (H) levels of endophyte in both pasture and silage. In Experiment 1 (28  March - 6 April 1995) cows were grazing clover free pastures and  supplemented with either L or H endophyte grass silage. In Experiment 2  (7-12 April 1995) cows were grazing pastures containing about 17-25\%  white clover and supplemented with either L or H endophyte grass/clover  silage. At the first milk sampling three days after treatments started in Experiment  1, milk yield from cows given L pastures was 6.9\% higher than from those  grazing H endophyte pastures (P=0.006), and 4.1\% more when L rather than  H endophyte silages were given (P=0.10). These effects were additive so  the cows fed L endophyte silage and L endophyte pasture produced 11.3\%  more than those fed H silage and H pasture (P=0.002). The effect of pasture  endophyte on milk yield was still evident after seven and ten days of  treatment, with 10.3\% more milk from L than from H endophyte pastures  (P=0.01). Milk protein yields paralleled milk yields after seven and ten days  but there was an endophyte x silage interaction (P=0.05) for milkfat yield  and protein and fat yields were not effected by treatment. In Experiment 2  when clover was included in the diet there were no significant effects from  either pasture or silage endophyte status on any milk yield components. A  comparison of milksolids yield from Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 shows  that changing to diets containing white clover increased milksolids by 6.4,  13.9 and 21.9\% for the L/L, L/H and H/L pasture/silage combinations,  respectively, but only increased milksolids by 2.7\% for the H/H  pasture/silage combination. We conclude that endophyte in both pasture  and pasture silage can have a transitory effect on milk and protein yield  during the autumn and the nutritional benefits of white clover for increasing  milksolids was much reduced by endophyte in both pasture and silage diets. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Clark DA and Thom ER and Waugh CD}
}
