@conference {41114,
	title = {Amino acid supply to the small intestine of dairy cows fed pasture},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {180-183},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Two experiments measured the quantity and quality of amino acids available for absorption by four dairy cows fed pasture. Experiment 1 compared a diet of ryegrass/white clover pasture offered ad libitum or at 75\% of ad libitum intake during October. Experiment 2, conducted in December, compared an all-ryegrass diet with a diet comprising 100\% ryegrass, or 50\% ryegrass and 50\% white clover. Treatments were assigned according to a 2x2 crossover design. Restricted feeding (Experiment 1) significantly reduced the total supply of amino acids to the small intestine by 23\% (246 vs. 190g amino acid nitrogen/d). Compared to an all-ryegrass diet, a ryegrass diet which contained 50\% white clover (Experiment 2) significantly increased the total supply of amino acids by 10\% (284 vs. 259g amino acid nitrogen/d). For all four pasture diets, arginine, methionine, and histidine were identified, in that order, as being most limiting, supplying 67, 71, and 77\%, respectively, of the absorbable amino acid requirement. The supply of absorbable lysine from all four pasture diets was found to meet requirements of dairy cows in early to mid lactation. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Kolver ES and Carruthers VR and Neil PG and de Veth MJ and Jansen EBL and Phipps DE}
}
@conference {41106,
	title = {Effect of Lotus corniculatus and condensed tannins on milk yield and composition of dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {152-155},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Experiments at DRC have demonstrated birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) increases milk yield and milk protein concentra-tion of grazing dairy cows.  An experiment was conducted in March 1998 to determine what proportion of the increased milk yield and milk protein\% was due to the condensed tannins (CT) in  Lotus, and what proportion was due to factors typically associated with legumes (increased herbage intake and improved forage quality).  Twenty Friesian cows were housed and fed twice daily on either perennial ryegrass or Lotus for 10 days.  Five cows on each diet were also drenched with 1.2 l of 50\% polyethylene glycol (PEG) three times per day.  PEG blocks the action of CT, preventing them binding to plant proteins.  Milk yields (l/cow/d) were higher on Lotus (16.5) than on Lotus+PEG (13.8), ryegrass (10.2) or ryegrass+PEG (9.9) indicating that CT contributed to 42\% of the increased milk yield that resulted from feeding Lotus rather than ryegrass.  CT had no effect on intake, since intakes (kgDM/cow/d) of cows fed Lotus (16.8) and Lotus+PEG (16.7) were similar and higher than for cows fed either ryegrass (14.7) or ryegrass+PEG (13.7).  CT, however, accounted for all of the increase in herbage conversion efficiency as indicated by the higher efficiencies (ml FCM/MJ ME) of cows fed Lotus (147) compared with those fed Lotus+PEG (126), ryegrass (123) or ryegrass+PEG (127).  CT accounted for 57\% of the increase
in milk protein\% as cows fed Lotus (3.61) had higher protein\% than those fed Lotus+PEG (3.44), ryegrass (3.31) or ryegrass+PEG (3.30).  Herbage or CT had no effect, however, on the casein or whey protein concentrations.  CT had no effect on either milk fat or lactose concentration but cows fed Lotus had lower concentrations than cows fed ryegrass (P<0.05).  Overall the trial showed legumes containing CT have potential as a forage for dairy cows.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Woodward SL and Clark DA and Laboyrie PJ and Jansen EBL}
}
