@conference {41119,
	title = {Sealing of the bovine teat canal after dry-off.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {198-200},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Closed teats have proven more resistant to dry period mastitis than open teats. Natural rate of keratin plug formation within closed and open teats, and consequences of bacterial colonisation of the teat canal, were examined using 67 low somatic cell count cows. Cows were dried off without antibiotic therapy and teats assessed for closure status at 5, 10, 15 and 20 d after drying off. Weight and bacteriological status of the keratin plug was determined by reaming teats with a sterile pre-weighed tapestry needle 7 d prior to drying off and on one occasion post drying off. Initially (d 5), keratin weight for all teats increased by 100\% compared to lactating teats (4.89 mg/qtr). Between d 10-20, keratin weight from open teats (29\% of teats) was 34-55\% less than for closed teats. Subclinical infections in the teat canal significantly reduced likelihood of teats closing after drying off. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lacy-Hulbert SJ and Williamson JH and Day AM and Woolford MW}
}
@conference {40993,
	title = {Factors influencing the prevalence of postpartum anoestrus in New Zealand dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {79-81},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine the association between age, interval from calving (PPI) and breeding worth (BW) and prevalence of postpartum anoestrus (AA), as well their effect on response to hormonal treatment by anoestrous dairy cows. Individual cow details were collated from 6649 cycling and 2446 AA animals in 29 herds. Probability of AA was influenced by herd and was negatively related to PPI and age (p<0.001); but was not related to BW (p>0.05). Response of AA cows to treatment with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate was evaluated using a subset of 1482 anoestrous cows. Within 7 days of treatment, oestrus was detected in 87.1\% cows and conception rate to insemination during this period was 42.2\%. Oestrous response varied between herds but was not influenced by BW, PPI or age (p>0.1). Conception rate was positively related to PPI (p<0.001), but was not influenced by BW or age (p>0.1). It is concluded that in commercial dairy herds the likelihood of a cow being AA is greatest in young and recently calved animals, but is not influenced by breeding worth.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rhodes FM and Clark BA and Nation DP and Taufa VK and Macmillan KL and Day ML and Day AM and McDougall S}
}
@conference {40996,
	title = {Ovarian volume is a predictor of the resumption of spontaneous oestrous cycles but not the response to the treatment of anoestrus.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {88},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This study examined the use of a classification system for ovarian activity as a predictor for both the spontaneous resumption of oestrous cycles and for reproductive per-formance after treatment for anoestrus.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nation DP and Rhodes FM and Day AM and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40998,
	title = {Some Effects of Using Progesterone and Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone on the Reproductive Performance of Inseminated Cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {92-94},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The administration of progesterone (P4) within 3 days following insemination can reduce pregnancy rates. In contrast, an injection of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) at about 12 or 13 days after insemination can increase them by around 10\%. This field trial tested the hypothesis that the negative effects reported for the P4 treatment on fertility could be eliminated by strategically injecting GnRH to convert the two ovarian follicle waves per cycle created by using P4, into three wave ones, with increased fertility. A total of 830 cows in 13 dairy herds received comparative treatments involving: (i) the insertion of a P4 intravaginal device 2 or 3 days after first insemination (1st insem.) for 10 days, with an injection of 10 mg of GnRH at device removal (P4 + GnRH); (ii) the same GnRH treatment but without P4 pre-treatment (GnRH); and, (iii) no post-insemination intervention (Control). Pregnancy status and conception date were confirmed by rectal palpation of uterine contents Calving data were recovered from 10 herds to monitor gestation length, dystocia and calf birth weight. The conception rates to 1st insem. were highest for the 255 cows treated with GnRH (64\%; p = 0.05), but similar in the other two groups of 273 and 302 cows (57\%). Second insemination results were not affected by the treatments; neither were final pregnancy rates. Birth weights were higher for bull than heifer calves (36.9 vs 33.0kg; p<0.01), but were not affected by treatment. The results of this trial showed that the P4 + GnRH treatment did have normal fertility and that GnRH injected 12 or 13 days after first insemination could increase conception rates. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Taufa VK and Macmillan KL and Day AM and Ashcroft MJ and Morgan S}
}
@conference {40942,
	title = {Manipulating Ovaries{\textquoteright} Follicle Wave Patterns Can Partially Synchronise Returns to Service and Increases the Pregnancy rate to Second Insemination},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {237},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The recognised roles of oestradiol in the bovine oestrous cycle include stimulating behavioural symptoms of oestrus, facilitating spontaneous luteolysis and initiating the ovulatory surge of LH. An important ancillary role with progesterone is to inhibit the release of gonadotrophins (Burke et al.,1996). Oestradiol administered by injection or per vaginum can perturb follicle development with consequent effects on responses to superovulation (Bo et al.,1994) and on synchrony patterns (Macmillan et al.,1993). The hypotheses which were tested in the following trial were that injecting a low dose of oestradiol benzoate (1mg ODB) at about mid-dioestrus during the cycle follow-ing first insemination: (i) would not reduce the pregnancy rate to this insemination; but (ii) would alter the pattern of returns to service; and (iii) could affect the pregnancy rate to the second insemination.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM}
}
@conference {40945,
	title = {The responses of lactating cows treated for anoestrus to an oestradiol capsule or an oestradiol injection.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {241},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Postpartum anovulatory anoestrus is a mjor form of infertility among cows in dairy herds inNew Zealand. The currently recommended treatment involves a 5-day prim-ing with progersterone (P4) released from a CIDR TM device (InterAg, NZ), with a 10 mg gelatin of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) and 1 g lactose capsule (CIDR TM; InterAg, NZ) placed in the grooved surface of the device preceding device insertion, and an injection of ODB (CIDIROLTM ; InterAg, NZ) given intramuscularly at 24 to 48h following device removal.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Taufa VK and Macmillan KL and Nation DP and Day AM and Ashcroft MJ}
}
@conference {40854,
	title = {Varying the form of oestradiol administration in anoestrous cows previously treated with progesterone},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {350-352},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The hypothesis tested in this field trial was that 1 mg oestradiol  benzoate (ODB) could be equally effective where administered to  anoestrous animals either by intramuscular injection or in a gelatin capsule  per vaginum. The ODB treatment was administered to 412 cows in 8 dairy  herds 24 h after the end of a 6-day priming treatment with progesterone, also  administered per vaginum. By 48 h after ODB administration, 87\% of injected animals had been  detected in oestrus and inseminated compared to only 44\% of herdmates  receiving the gelatin capsule (P<0.01). Re-examination of those animals not  detected in oestrus by 13 days after ODB treatment showed that 30\% of  capsule-treated animals were still anoestrus and another 10\% had ovulated  without being detected in oestrus. Comparable percentages for the injected  animals were 3\% and 2\% respectively (P<0.01). The vaginal treatment was  also associated with a reduced pregnancy rate to first insemination (31.7\%  vs 47.7\%; P<0.05). The reduced efficacy associated with the vaginal administration of ODB to  anoestrous animals most probably involved a prolonged rate of absorption  which did not stimulate behavioural oestrus or an ovulatory surge of LH but  did reduce fertility in those animals which were inseminated.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM}
}
@conference {40723,
	title = {Some effects of using progesterone and oestradiol benzoate to stimulate oestrus and ovulation in dairy cows with anovulatory anoestrus},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {239-241},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Anovulatory anoestrus (AA) is a major form of infertility in pasture-  fed dairy cows in New Zealand and is most frequently treated by injecting  equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCF) after pre-treatment with progesterone  (P4). The effectiveness of this treatment varies between herds. Injecting  oestradiol benzoate (ODB) from 24 h to 48 h following PA4 and ODB  priming can also induce oestrus and ovulation in AA cows. Two field trials  compared responses in 572 cows with AA treated with P4 alone, P4 + eCG  and P4 + ODB. The P4 was administered per vaginum for 5 or 7 days using  a CIDR device.   An injection of 1 mg ODB at 48 h after device removal in Trial 1 increased  the insemination submission rate during the following 4 days from 55\%  among cows treated with P4, or P4 + eCG to 75\%, and reduced the incidence  of non-responding cows from 21\% to 3\%. In Trial 2, the comparable results  to ODB treatments were 86\% inseminated and 3\% not responding.   The increased submission rates were not due to the ODB producing oestrus  without ovulation. Consequently, 42\% of anoestrous cows treated with ODB  conceived during the first week of AB, 75\% conceived after 6 weeks of AB  and only 5.5\% were finally not pregnant. Comparable figures for herdmates  treated with P4 but not injected with ODB were 29\%, 66\% and 12\%  respectively.   Injecting a low dose of ODB from 24 to 48 h after P4 pre-treatment can be  used to successfully treat AA in dairy cows.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM and McDougall S}
}
@conference {40465,
	title = {A case control study of anoestrum in New Zealand dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {101-104},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Clumps of mammary secretory epithelial cells were isolated from a lactating sheep udder and their mammary function in vitro was evaluated.  Initially, the cells synthesized and secreted significant amounts of casein, },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McDougall S and Leijnse P and Day AM and Macmillan KL and Williamson NB}
}
@conference {40505,
	title = {Combination treatments for synchronising oestrus in dairy heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {267-270},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Twelve mature Romney ewes were housed and fed to maintain a constant bodyweight for 14 months. Monthly midside samples were collected and individual fibres measured by projection microscope for fibre and medulla diameter. Medullated fibres were observed in fibre diameter classes between 14 and 70 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM}
}
@conference {40504,
	title = {Twinning in beef cows: preliminary results from embryo transfer studies},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {263-266},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {While the main focus in the breeding of Texel sheep in New Zealand has been selection for superior meat production there are significant qualities in the wool which make it a highly desirable fibre. Texel, Texel X Romney and Romney wools are evaluated to determine their relative attributes as textile fibres in wool products where good length and high bulk are considered important. Evaluation involved examining the value of good length bulk wool in the current wool market, spinning semi-worsted yarns, manufacturing carpets and sample bedding products. All three lines performed as expected from the measured fibre characteristics. Core bulk of the scoured wool for Texel, Texel X Romney and the Romney were respectively 32.9 cm3/g, 29 cm3/g and 25.7 cm3/g. Based on an average market value of 450 c/kg clean and 1991/92 relativities, the premium for bulk of these long good colour wools is 10 c/kg/unit. The high bulk wools gave improved spinning performance 44.4 52.9 and 73.3 end breaks per 100 spindle hours at 5000-6000 rpm for the Texel, Texel X Romney and Romney lines respectively. Improved abrasion resistance of carpet made from the Texel and Texel-cross was attributable to different pile weight and yarn bulk values. Samples evaluated indicate Texel sheep produce wools with similar textile properties to New Zealand crossbred wools but with higher bulk. The Texel breed should be monitored for its suitability as a source of genetic material to increase bulk in New Zealand wools. Lack of quantitative knowledge of the change in fleece weight and carcass returns from the introduction of the Texel genetic influence into Romney stock prevents assessment of their economic benefit to the New Zealand farmer.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McMillan WH and Hall DRH and Evans PH and Day AM}
}
@conference {40367,
	title = {Blood metabolites near calving in twin-pregnant and single- pregnant cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {21-24},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This trial was designed to test the hypothesis that increased  faecal egg counts (FEC) of fleeceweight-selected (FW) lambs over  control (C) lambs represented a decreased resistance to internal  parasitism in FW lambs. Measurements were recorded over a 42 day period  from late February 1991 using August-born lambs from the Massey  University FW and C flocks. All lambs were drenched with ivermectin on  day 0. Lambs of each sex and flock were randomly allocated within sire  (4 per flock) to receive an albendazole controlled release capsule  (+ALB). Ewes and rams were run separately. Midside wool growth,  liveweight, and FEC were recorded, and estimates of dry matter intake  were inferred from chromate analyses.   The FW lambs had consistently higher FEC{\textquoteright}s than C lambs. Significant  differences were observed by flock and ALB treatment in both wool  production and liveweight gain, but no significant flock-by-ALB  interaction were detected. Trends in production traits indicated that  the superiority of FW lambs may have increased in situations where the  development of adult worm burdens was continually suppressed. However,  no clear evidence was found to show that FEC is a reliable indicator of  a sheep{\textquoteright}s resistance to production losses arising out of internal  parasitism.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Morris CA and Day AM and Jones KR}
}
@conference {40055,
	title = {Some effects of injecting a prostaglandin F2 alpha (Lutalyse) during the post-partum period on the subsequent fertility of dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1987},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {65-68},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The need to determine the scientific base and cost-effectiveness of traditional inspection methods is particularly important in New Zealand, a major exporter of sheep meat. Risk assessment as applied to potential human health hazards in a broad sphere can also be adapted to risk associated with a meat inspection programme. Risk associated with an export inspection programme aimed at maintaining market access must include human health, animal health and aesthetic defects.  A quantitative risk assessment model is described for 2 different inspection methods for liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) in adult sheep.  Unless sensitivity and specificity data are produced, quantitative risk assessments are statistically invalid. Determination of specificity also allows cost-benefit analyses to be correctly performed.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Day AM and Taufa VK and Henderson HV and Allison PA}
}
@conference {39919,
	title = {Effect of {\textquoteright}Ralgro{\textquoteright} on growth, body composition and behaviour of lambs, heifers and bulls},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {211-214},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {In 5 trials involving lambs grazing either lotus (L) or white clover (WC) in summer/autumn, those on L were consistently less fat. In trial 1 Romney wether lambs (n=12), grazed 62 days, had weight-corrected carcass fat depths C of 2.1 (L) and 3.4 (WC) mm. In trial 2 Romney hoggets (n+10) grazed 40 days, L had a lower side fat percent than WC at a similar weight. Trial 3 compared Romney lambs (n=20) of the same weight. After 80 days fat depths were significantly lower for L.  In Trial 4 Southdown x Romney lambs (n=24), grazed for 45 days. Several measures of fatness were significantly lower in the L group after correcting for initial fatness and carcass weight. Trial 5 was similar to trial 4 (n=16), but continued over 76 days and the differences in fatness were greater. Growth rates of the lambs in these trials were in favour of the WC group by an average of about 15 percent. The lotus tannin content was 10 to 30 g/kg DM. It is concluded that lambs grazed on pure lotus are likely to be less fat than lambs of the same weight grazed on clover, possibly because the protein of lotus is to some extent protected from rumen degradation by tannins, thus effectively increasing its protein content.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bass JJ and Jagusch KT and Jones KR and Reardon TF and Day AM}
}
@conference {39654,
	title = {The influence of internal parasites on replacement dairy heifers during their second year of life - Brief Communication},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1980},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {23-24},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Day AM}
}
