@conference {41114,
	title = {Amino acid supply to the small intestine of dairy cows fed pasture},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {180-183},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Two experiments measured the quantity and quality of amino acids available for absorption by four dairy cows fed pasture. Experiment 1 compared a diet of ryegrass/white clover pasture offered ad libitum or at 75\% of ad libitum intake during October. Experiment 2, conducted in December, compared an all-ryegrass diet with a diet comprising 100\% ryegrass, or 50\% ryegrass and 50\% white clover. Treatments were assigned according to a 2x2 crossover design. Restricted feeding (Experiment 1) significantly reduced the total supply of amino acids to the small intestine by 23\% (246 vs. 190g amino acid nitrogen/d). Compared to an all-ryegrass diet, a ryegrass diet which contained 50\% white clover (Experiment 2) significantly increased the total supply of amino acids by 10\% (284 vs. 259g amino acid nitrogen/d). For all four pasture diets, arginine, methionine, and histidine were identified, in that order, as being most limiting, supplying 67, 71, and 77\%, respectively, of the absorbable amino acid requirement. The supply of absorbable lysine from all four pasture diets was found to meet requirements of dairy cows in early to mid lactation. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Kolver ES and Carruthers VR and Neil PG and de Veth MJ and Jansen EBL and Phipps DE}
}
@conference {40978,
	title = {Reticular Groove Contraction in Yearling Cattle Detected by Breath Test},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {29-31},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A novel method was used to detect the incidence of reticular groove contraction in yearling cattle. Following its oral administration, 13C octanoic acid is absorbed from the intestine, metabolised by the liver and the 13C label excreted in the CO2 of breath. Contraction of the reticular groove should result in a quicker and greater peak appearance of 13C in breath, than when swallowed material is delivered into the reticulo-rumen. Mean breath 13 C enrichment after drenching with NaCl was greater (P<0.001) than with water. Mean increases in enrichment after sucking molasses and label were greater than drenching with water (P<0.001) and NaCl (P<0.05). These results are consistent with sodium and sucking stimulating reticular groove contraction and support the use of this method as a simple, repeatable, non-radioactive and non-invasive means of detecting the route taken of orally administered therapeutic agents or nutrients. The test, for example, would identify those animals at risk by rumen bypass of anti-bloat agents. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McLeay LM and Carruthers VR and Neil PG}
}
@conference {40829,
	title = {Microbial protein synthesis and milk production in cows offered pasture diets differing in non-structural carbohydrate content},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {255-259},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effect on ruminal fermentation and milk production of increasing  the proportion of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) in a pasture diet was  investigated in early (Trial 1) and late (Trial 2) lactation. Twenty four cows  in Trial 1 and 15 cows in Trial 2 were offered pasture (P), 85\% P plus 15\%  protein/NSC mixture (PR), and P+10\% (Trial 1) or P+15\% (Trial 2) NSC  (PE) in a latin square design. All diets were isonitrogenous and P and PR  were isoenergetic. PE but not PR increased microbial protein synthesis and  decreased rumen ammonia and milk urea levels compared to P in both trials.  In Trial 1, neither PE nor PR increased milk yield or milk solids output  compared to P. Nitrogen but not dry matter digestibility was reduced on PR  and PE compared to P. Ruminal degradation of casein, but not of pasture,  was increased on PR and PE compared to P. In Trial 2 the milk yields of  cows offered PE and PR were greater than those offered P, and greater on  PE than PR. Increasing the ratio of carbohydrate to protein was more  effective in improving nitrogen utilisation in the rumen than was increasing  the proportion of NSC.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Carruthers VR and Neil PG and Dalley DE}
}
@conference {40677,
	title = {The effect on incidence of bloat of changing pasture herbage mass and species},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {88-90},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The study involved 128 animals (19 Carpetmasters, 20 Drysdales, 19   Elliottdales, 20 Merinos, 23 Romneys and 27 Tukidales) maintained on   improved pastures at Oberon, on the central tablelands of NSW. For the   intake measurements, animals were stratified on liveweight into five groups   within breed, and one animal selected from each group at random for dozing   with controlled-release alkane capsules.    The intake of Romneys (1.30 kgOM/day), Merinos (1.20) and Tukidales   (1.18) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of Carpetmasters (0.98),   Drysdales (0.78) and Elliottdales (0.80). There was no significant interaction   between breed and season, with all breeds having a lower (P<0.01) intake in   July (0.63) kgOM/d) than February (1.43 kgOM/d). When the intakes were   expressed in terms of metabolic liveweight, there was again a highly   significant difference between the intake in February and July (0.078 and   0.040 kgOM/g/LW0.75, respectively). On a metabolic liveweight basis  breed   differences also still existed, with Merinos (0.082) having higher (P<0.05)   intakes than the other breeds.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Carruthers VR}
}
@conference {40649,
	title = {Partitioning of milk accumulation between cisternal and alveolar compartments of the bovine udder: relationship to production loss on once-daily milking},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {5-6},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Colour is an important characteristic affecting wool price. Canary  yellow wool incidence is low in dry years but individuals can be  classified according to their degreee of susceptibility to wool  yellowing based on results of wool incubation test.  Australian Merino, Corriedale and New Zealand Romney populations were  tested. A number of 603, 1269 and 476 progenies and 21, 52 and 24 sires  were used for these populations, respectively. Susceptibility to wool  yellowing (YPC), greasy (GFW) and clean fleece weights (CFW), yield (Y)  and mean fibre diameter (MFD) were analysed in a sire model.  Heritability values for YPC were 0.21+/-0.11, 0.28+/-0.08 and 0.19+/-  0.07 for Merino, Corriedale and Romney, respectively. Genetic  correlations between YPC and other traits were 0.04+/-0.31 with GFW, -  0.10+/-0.31 with CFW, -0.11+/-0.29 with Y and 0.51+/-0.29 with MFD for  Merinos; 0.30+/-0.18, 0.17+/-0.19, -0.12+/-0.18 and 0.33+/-0.19, -  0.12+/-0.18 and 0.33+/-0.19 for Corriedale, respectively, and 0.77+/-  0.22, 0.44+/-0.31, -0.70+/-0.35 and 0.25+/-0.30 for Romney,  respectively. Phenotypic correlations were negligible among this traits  for these three populations, except for YPC and Y (-0.33+/-0.10).  Selection strategies to reduce wool yellowing susceptibility will differ  between genotypes. Low frequency of susceptible sheep in Merino  population showed little justification for including YPC in genetic  programmes for this particular breed only.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Farr VC and Davis SR and Copeman PJA and Carruthers VR and Knight CH}
}
@conference {40619,
	title = {Blood and urinary metabolites in cattle differing in susceptibility to bloat},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {289-292},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Blood samples from 159 animals of known susceptibility to bloat were  
analysed for a range of proteins, minerals, acid base status, hormones and  
enzymes.  Urine samples from the cows and heifers were analysed for minerals  
and osmolality.  Each animal was sampled once only in a fed state.  An  
increase in bloat breeding value of one unit (increasing susceptibility) was  
significantly associated (P<0.05) with a decrease in liveweight of 28 ({\textpm}6) kg  
and increases in blood of 0.26 ({\textpm}0.07) U/1 pepsinogen, 0.33 ({\textpm}0.14) mmol/l  
urea, 29.5 ({\textpm}11.3) nmol/1 Se, 4.9 ({\textpm}1.2) mmol/l red blood cell K, 0.5 ({\textpm}0.2) g/l  
beta globulin, and 13.9 ({\textpm}6.1) pmol/l gastrin.  The data suggest there may be  
some physiological or metabolic differences between high and low susceptible  
animals either arising during the selection and breeding programme or which  
contribute to the susceptibility mechanism. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Carruthers VR and Morris CA}
}
@conference {40554,
	title = {The effect on oesophageal groove closure of water and mineral solutions drenched to cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {23-26},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The fate of mineral solutions when drenched was assessed in cows  
slaughtered after drenching using a dye visible in gut contents.  Seven 
groups of 10 cows were drenched with water or solutions of magnesium oxide,  
magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium  
bicarbonate or zinc oxide in Trial 1.  Frequency of closure was higher (P<0.05)  
for sodium bicarbonate (60\%) than for magnesium oxide or magnesium  
chloride (10 to 20\%).  Five cows drenched with water alone showed bypass of  
the rumen.  In Trial 2 four groups of 6 or 7 cows were drenched with water or  
solutions containing selenium.  Hydromin or copper sulphate.  Frequency of  
closure was higher (P<0.05) for copper sulphate (70\%) than for water or  
selenium (0\%).  The results suggest that bypass of the rumen in response to  
drenching may contribute to apparent failures of bloat drenches, particularly  
when certain minerals are added to the drench. 
 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Carruthers VR and Phipps DE and Bakker RJ}
}
@conference {40355,
	title = {The effect of sodium bicarbonate on yield and composition of milk from grazing cows in early lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {437-442},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Carruthers VR and Bryant AM}
}
@conference {40310,
	title = {The effects of oxytocin and bovine somatotropin on production of cows milked once a day},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {197-202},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Milk from normally lactating goats contains on average 11 ng/ml  IGF-I and 106 ng/ml IGF-II, as determined by specific radioimmunoassay.  The present study was an attempt to determine whether IGFs in milk could  have originated from the blood. 125 I labelled IGF-I or IGF-II was  infused directly into one gland via a pudic arterial catheter for 60  mins and their appearance in milk followed for 720 min. A total of  5.2\% of [125 I]IGF-I infused and 10.0\% of [125I]IGF-II was recovered  from milk from both glands. Radioactivity consisted of TCA precipitable  material, which eluted from Sephacryl S-200 as free and protein-bound  IGF, and TCA soluble material which probably represents degraded  products of the peptides. The amount and time course of secretion of  TCA soluble radioactivity in milk from both glands was similar,  indicating degradation of infused peptide at textra-mammary sites.  Maximum specific activity in milk from the infused gland occurred at  80-120 min for IGF-I and 120 min for IGF-II and was 2.5 fold higher than  milk from the non-infused gland. The lower milk/plasma ratio for  immunoreactive IGF-I compared with 125I labelled IGF-I suggests all milk  IGF-I might be derived from the circulation whereas similar calculations  with IGF-II suggests only 78\% of milk IGF-II could be accounted for by  its transfer from blood.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Carruthers VR and Davis SR and Norton DH}
}
@conference {40292,
	title = {Rumen digest and other body measurements in relation to bloat susceptibility in cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {103-106},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Following the introduction of bucks on day 0 to isolated does  there are peaks of oestrus on day 3 and day 7. While the day 3 peak is  associated with low conception rates the day 7 peak is useful for  partial synchrony for artificial insemination (AI).   In this trial near Te Kuiti oestrous does were drafted off twice daily,  starting day 5, following buck introduction. Those drafted in the  evening were artificially inseminated laparoscopically with frozen-  thawed semen the next morning and those drafted in the morning were  artificially inseminated in the afternoon. On two farms the proportion  of 207 and 123 mature does artificially inseminated on day 7-8  (day0=April 11) were 55\% and 74\% respectively, on day 6-10 inclusive 87\%  and 94\% were artificially inseminated. On farm 1 on day 7-8 and day 6-  10 only 25\% and 28\% of 205 two tooths were artificially inseminated, in  contrast on farm 2 74\% and 84\% of 70 two tooths were artificially  inseminated. The farm 1 two tooths were 3.6 kg lighter than those on  farm 2.   CIDR-PMSG synchronised does from farm 1 (48 mature and 33 two tooth)  were AIed on-time on days 6 and 10. There was no significant difference  between the pregnancy rates of the CIDR synchronised (60\%) and the buck  induced does (56\%).   There were additive effects of type of oestrus induction and live weight  on the \% multiple pregnant. At 20 kg live weight the predictions of the  \% multiple pregnant were buck effect 11\%, CIDR-PMSG 26\%, and at 30 kg  live weight 51\% and 75\% respectively.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Morris CA and Carruthers VR}
}
@conference {40142,
	title = {Development of cattle of superior genotypes: Novel approaches to increasing tolerance of dairy cows to extended milking intervals},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {57-64},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Active immunisation of Romney ewes with bovine follicular fluid (bFF) at monthly intervals for 4 months in the breeding season increased monthly mean ovulation rates by 8 to 100\%, relative to non-immunised ewes, by increasing the frequency of double ovulations. The increases in ovulation rate were independent of the dose of bFF (from 1 to 10 ml) and whether an aqueous- or oil-based adjuvant was used. Immunisation with porcine FF (1 or 5 ml) did not increase ovulation rates significantly. Active immunisation with an androstenedioned-based immunogen (Androvax), increased the mean monthly ovulation rates 31 to 63\% by increasing the frequency of double and triple ovulations. Immunisation with bFF and Androvax together did not increase ovulation rates any more than immunisation with Androvax alone. These results show that active immunisation with bFF can increase ovulation rates in sheep, though generally less effectively than by immunisation with an androstenedione-based immunogen.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {L{\textquoteright}Huillier PJ and Davis SR and Carruthers VR and Morris CA and Bryant AM}
}
@conference {40109,
	title = {Weights of some body organs from cattle selected for high and low susceptibility to bloat},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1988},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {147-150},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This paper reports preliminary studies to determine the normal variation in blood flow, amino acid uptake and protein metabolism in a defined area of skin on 45 kg Romney wethers. Four sheep were catheterised in branches of the deep circumflex iliac artery and vein to allow measurement of arterio-venous concentration differences and blood flow (using dye dilution techniques) in a 560 cm},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Carruthers VR and Morris CA}
}
@conference {39936,
	title = {Response of cows differing in bloat susceptibility to intraruminal water and electrolyte loading},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1985},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {31-34},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A simulation model of dairy herds was built to examine the economic consequences of alternative culling policies. Only culling cows on the basis of their first lactation was examined because previous studies had show that it is not worthwhile acquiring more information before making the culling decision. The simulation model shows that the culling decision is sensitive to the ratio of cull salvage value to replacement cost. At a ratio of 0.7, a third of first lactation cows should be culled. Used optimally to make replacement decisions, herd testing is worthwhile particularly if the less expensive alternate month test is used.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Carruthers VR}
}
@conference {39888,
	title = {Some rumen characteristics and performance data of cows differing in bloat susceptibility},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {79-82},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This paper reviews some of the recent developments in genetic and embryonic engineering and attempts to assess their likely impact on animal breeding theory and genetic improvement programmes. The distinction is made between genetic and embryonic engineering.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Carruthers VR}
}
