@conference {79020,
	title = {Are faecal egg counts approaching their "sell-by" date?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {199-204},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Historically, the primary determinant for the state of parasitism has been the concentration of nematode eggs in the faeces (FEC). This descriptor has a number of limitations that have implications for the development of drug resistance and hamper the identification of resilient livestock. A major fallacy is that FEC can reliably assess the worm burden, the need for anthelmintic and the efficacy of that treatment. FEC is a ratio, eggs per gram of faeces, not a quantity. Not only is the denominator ignored but interpretation of the numerator requires knowledge of nematode species present and female fecundity which can be affected by infra-population dynamics. By definition, a parasite exists at the expense of its host. As such, the consistent ability of resilient animals to maintain performance, despite a high FEC, strongly suggests that FEC does not provide a reliable indicator of the cost of parasitism. This manuscript reviews the factors that affect FEC and argues for a step change in our approach to the control of nematode parasitism in pastoral systems to one focused on individual treatments based on animal performance utilising radio-frequency electronic identification and automated weighing and drafting systems.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Greer AW and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {69020,
	title = {Amino acid flow at the abomasum in twin-suckling ewes at pasture and the effect of a fishmeal supplement},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {233-237},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Fourteen twin-suckling ewes with rumen and abomasal cannulae grazed a ryegrass/clover sward (C; n = 7) or the same sward but with a 500 g/h/d protein supplement (S; n = 7). The trial was designed as a cross-over with two 14 day adaptation periods followed by two five day sampling periods (Days 43-48 and 63-68 after lambing). All ewes were treated with anthelmintic 14 days after lambing. Flow of amino acids (AA) at the abomasum and dry matter (DM) intake were measuredduring both periods using intra-ruminally infused markers. Diurnal variation in AA flow peaked between 12:00 and 15:00 h and was greatest in the supplemented ewes. Flows of AA were increased by supplementation; Essential AA, +16 \%; 128 to 148 g/d, Sulphur-AA, +21.2 \%; 3.3 to 4.0 g/d, Branched-chain AA, +15.9\%, 47.8 to 55.4 g/d. There was evidence for a lower faecal egg count in supplemented animals, being 670 vs 46 epg, respectively, in C and S groups, (P = 0.08) 21 days after anthelmintic treatment. This work provides information on the extent of enhancement of the supply of amino acids associated with ability to limit the peri-parturient increase in faecal egg count and provides a basis for the development of supplements.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Madibela OR and Gibbs SJ and Sykes AR and Laporte-Uribe J and Zhao J}
}
@conference {41816,
	title = {High crude protein in autumn pasture does not impair reproductive performance in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {156-157},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Embryos exposed to ammonia may degenerate or their growth enhanced (McEvoy et al., 1997). Kelly (1982) reported reproductive wastage of 24.9\% in South Island sheep. New Zealand pastures contain high concentrations of crude protein (Chaves et al., 2002) but whether reproductive wastage can partly be explained by ammonia and/or urea toxicity from high protein pasture is unknown. The aims of the present study were to determine the effect of plasma urea concentration on ovulation rate, embryo survival, conception rate and lamb birth weight in ewes joined with the ram on ...Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Madibela OR and Nicol AM and Sykes AR and Jay NP}
}
@conference {41640,
	title = {Further studies on the role of suckling in the parasite status of very young lambs infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {187-192},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {This study investigated the role of suckling on the resistance and resilience of lambs during the period - six to 20 weeks after lambing. Eighty, 42-day old twin-born lambs were allocated to four treatment groups in which lambs continued to suckle (S-) or were weaned (W-), while concurrently infected with either 0 (-N) or 1000 (-I) L3 Teladorsagia circumcincta larvae d-1. Faecal egg counts peaked at 680, 1600, 260, and 225 eggs g-1 of fresh faeces in SI, WI, SN and WN lambs, respectively. Live weight gain was reduced from day 98 of age as a consequence of weaning (p<0.001) and infection (p=0.008). Serial slaughter on days 84, 112, and 140 indicated that suckling reduced the number of adult worms in SI compared with WI lambs though significantly so only on day 112 (p<0.05). In vitro larval establishment decreased (p<0.001) with slaughter age but was not influenced by suckling or infection (p>0.05). These results suggest that suckling may inhibit nematode development at a later stage than the immediate entry of incoming L3 larvae. In addition, suckling does not appear to confer greater resilience during T. circumcincta infection in young lambs. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Iposu SO and Greer AW and McAnulty RW and Stankiewicz M and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {41871,
	title = {Plasma protein loss in lambs during a mixed infection of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta - a consequence of the immune response?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {83-87},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {Modelling is being used to compare and contrast farm management strategies. A Whole Farm Model (WFM) has been developed that links models for cow metabolism ({\textquoteleft}Molly{\textquoteright}) and pasture growth driven by climate, with management policies. It has been evaluated against trial data and the challenge is to now use it for prediction. This requires that cows be initializedso that their production is determined by their environment and genotype. Livestock Improvement Corporation has developed a system of quantifying genotype through production values (or PV{\textquoteright}s). The aim of this study was to assess the ability of the WFM to predict Strain Trial cow production using PVmilk. The relationship between PVmilk and milk yield and composition was determined by allowing a parameter within {\textquoteleft}Molly{\textquoteright} to adjust so that predicted matched actual production for 3 Strain herds and one Jersey herd. WFM was then initialized using observed PVmilk to set genotype of each cow in 8 other Strain herds and farmlets were simulated for 2003/04 season. Predictions were considered useful if the prediction errors for milk yield and milksolids (629 L and 61 kg MS respectively) were lower than the observed standarddeviations (825 L and 66 kg MS respectively) i.e. meaning model predictions of observed values were more accurate than simply using the mean as an estimate of observed values. The consistent under-prediction of milk yield and milksolids require further adjustments to the initialization of the model. PVmilk has the potential to set genotype in {\textquoteleft}Molly{\textquoteright}, within the WFM.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Vaughan AL and Greer AW and McAnulty RW and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {41528,
	title = {Corticosteroid treatment prevents the reduction in food intake and growth in lambs infected with the abomasal parasite Teladorsagia circumcincta},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {9-12},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Recent studies with Trichostrongylus colubriformis have provided some direct evidence to support the view that the major contributor to reduced production in gastrointestinal nematode infections is the host immune response, rather than damage from the parasite per se. However, it is unknown if this is also true for abomasal infections. Parasite na{\"\i}ve lambs were either trickle infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta L3 larvae; similarly infected and concurrently immuno-suppressed with the corticosteroid methylprednisolone acetate; immuno-suppressed only; or remained as controls. Immuno-suppression abrogated the reduction in intake and subsequent production losses and reduction in feed conversion efficiency associated with infection suggesting the damage caused by this abomasal parasite per se may have little detrimental effect on lamb productivity. These findings add weight to the view that components of the developing immune response are generally the cause of reduced productivity in infected lambs. They may have ramifications for the genetic selection of animals that are predisposed to mount a strong immune response.
KEYWORDS: immuno-suppression; nematodes; intake; feed conversion efficiency; sheep. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Greer AW and McAnulty RW and Stankiewicz M and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {41530,
	title = {Development of an experimental approach to measure vitamin B12 production and utilisation in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {19-22},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Cobalt (Co) is required by ruminants to enable synthesis of vitamin B12 by rumen micro-organisms. Lack of quantitative information on the synthesis, absorption or utilisation of the vitamin has made determining nutrient requirement difficult. Two trials with sheep previously depleted of vitamin B12 and offered low Co diet (0.08 mg/kg DM) are described which attempt to overcome these problems. In the first, ewes were dosed with Co intra-ruminally at rates between 0{\textendash}1 mg Co/day. Responses in plasma vitamin B12 were proportional (P < 0.001) to the amount of Co infused. In the second trial, vitamin B12 was infused into the bloodstream via the jugular vein at rates between 0{\textendash}2500 nmol/day. Plasma vitamin B B12 plateau values were directly proportional (P < 0.001) to infusion rate. The rate of vitamin B12 infusion needed to sustain the critical plasma concentration of 370 pmol B12 /l was 5.02 nmol B12 /day, which together with estimated absorption from the basal diet gives a total requirement for absorption of 8.12 nmol B12 /day. This value is in agreement with data in the literature. The model approach, therefore, seems quantitatively robust. This approach, together with estimates of vitamin B12 flow from the rumen, will enable study of dietary factors that predispose to poor vitamin B12 production in the rumen and its absorption from the alimentary tract, and therefore to low animal vitamin B12 status.
KEYWORDS: Co/vitamin B12; infusion; sheep; rumen; modelling. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ludemann MR and Sedcole JR and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {41564,
	title = {The role of suckling on the parasite status of very young lambs infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {182-185},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {This study investigated the importance of suckling for the resistance and/or resilience of very young lambs to Teladorsagia circumcincta nematode infection. Thirty, 6-week old twin-born lambs were allocated to four treatment groups in a 2 x 2 factorial design in which groups continued to suckle (S-) or were weaned (W-), and concurrently not infected (-N) or infected (-I) with 1000 L3 larvae of T. circumcincta per day while grazing {\textquoteleft}clean{\textquoteright} pasture for six weeks, and then slaughtered. There was a significant infection by time interaction on faecal egg counts (FEC; P < 0.001). Suckling/weaning had no effect on FEC. Worm burdens were similar in suckled-infected (SI) and weaned-infected (WI) lambs (8029 + 1502 vs 12228 + 1704 worms, SEM; P > 0.05), respectively. Eggs per utero were significantly greater (29 + 6 vs 15 + 1 eggs, SEM; P < 0.05) in SI than WI lambs, while length of female worms was similar in both groups (10.2 + 0.2 vs 9.7+0.3mm, SEM; P > 0.05), respectively. The two suckled groups progressively gained more weight (P<0.001), while uninfected lambs of both groups were heavier (P < 0.05) from day 28 onwards. Weight gain averaged 122, 282, 98, and 240g day-1 for the WN, SN, WI, and SI lambs, respectively. The study has not shown any advantage of suckling while grazing for lambs{\textquoteright} resistance or resilience to larval intake within the 12-week post lambing period.
KEYWORDS: Teladorsagia circumcincta; suckled lambs; resistance; resilience. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Iposu SO and Greer AW and McAnulty RW and Stankiewicz M and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {41273,
	title = {Changes in plasma, milk and urinary magnesium concentrations in pasture-fed dairy cows in early lactation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {152-155},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Estimates of magnesium (Mg) balances and plasma Mg concentrations of 51 dairy cows were obtained at 2-weekly intervals from calving during the first 3 months of lactation (late August to early December). During that period estimated 24h Mg excretion increased from 1.1 to 3.2g Mg/d (P<0.001) and varied with age. Plasma magnesium concentrations in 10\% of samples were below the threshold (0.6 mM) at which productivity is considered to be impaired. Within cow repeatability for plasma Mg was 0.70 {\textpm} 0.048. Individual cows showed unique patterns in the relationship between plasma Mg and estimated urinary Mg output. Mean milk Mg concentration was 104 {\textpm} 0.54 mg/l, almost 20\% lower than published values used in estimates of net requirements for Mg. Individual cow repeatability for milk Mg concentration was 0.67 {\textpm} 0.082 which, together with the plasma data, suggest an important genetic component in Mg homeostasis. This will need to be accounted for in models of Mg metabolism. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Thielen M and Sedcole JR and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {41274,
	title = {The importance of an accurate estimate of net endogenous loss of magnesium in ruminants},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {156-159},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Attempts to scale up to dairy cattle from a model of magnesium (Mg) metabolism in sheep has shown more rapid reduction in plasma Mg concentration than has been observed in practice when rates of Mg absorption are reduced. Nutrient requirement tables of agriculture research council (1980) provide an estimate for endogenous loss of 3 mg/kg LW/d and, because of the paucity of data, apply this value to sheep and cattle. Such a value represents over 40-50\% of the daily requirement for Mg of a typical New Zealand dairy cow even in early lactation. Moreover, the estimate is represented as a constant function of body weight. Net absorption of Mg in ruminants occurs largely in the rumen, but there is recent evidence suggests significant absorption occurs in the large intestine. Therefore, endogenous secretions into the gastrointestinal tract will be available for re-absorption in the large intestine. Under these circumstances it is important for modelling purposes to have an understanding of the true secretion of Mg from which net endogenous Mg losses and, therefore, maintenance needs can be predicted with accuracy. This paper argues from evidence in the literature that net endogenous losses of Mg are unlikely to be a constant. True secretion could be up to 15 times the net endogenous loss because of potentially large exchanges of Mg in different regions of the alimentary tract, which are probably a function of plasma Mg concentration. The case is made a new approach to estimation of maintenance requirement of Mg. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Laporte JA and Bell ST and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {41275,
	title = {Magnesium endogenous loss as a function of plasma magnesium concentration rather than a constant allows better development of magnesium models in ruminants},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {160-163},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {In the course of adapting an existing sheep model of magnesium metabolism for use with lactating dairy cattle it was found that the model failed to predict plasma magnesium concentrations in agreement with experimental data after scaling the model for animal size dependent parameters. An inspection of the model indicated that faecal endogenous Mg loss and Mg absorption from the hindgut were the model components requiring further development. Pooled data from Mg balance experiments were used to investigate the relationship between plasma Mg concentration, net faecal endogenous Mg loss and the apparent availability of magnesium. A mathematical relationship between Mg intake and faecal Mg output is presented. It was derived from the generalised non-linear case to allow for variability in both apparent absorption of Mg and faecal endogenous Mg loss. A balance trial simulation was carried out in which net faecal endogenous Mg was implemented as a linear function of plasma Mg concentration. The results of this simulation were in close agreement with the analysis of pooled balance trial data and suggest that net faecal endogenous Mg loss should be applied to the model as a function of plasma Mg concentration. In fact net faecal endogenous Mg loss is not useful in modelling since it is the net result of a true Mg secretion function being subject to reabsorption in distal regions of the tract. Post rumen magnesium exchanges are examined in the model by implementing net Mg exchanges in the small intestine and hindgut as separate secretion and absorption processes. The difficulties in isolating the true secretion and absorption functions in the hindgut are discussed in conjunction with an initial estimate of these functions. In the modified model the incorporation of a variable endogenous Mg secretion dependent on plasma magnesium concentration provides an additional mechanism for magnesium homeostasis which is sufficient to allow the model to scale between sheep and cattle. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bell ST and Laporte JA and Robson AB and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {40922,
	title = {The effect of protein supply on the periparturient parasite status of the mature ewe.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {186-189},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Thirty two twin - and thirty two single - bearing ewes (W = 50.6 {\textpm} 0.13 and 48.9 {\textpm} 0.11kg respectively) were individually penned indoors nine weeks before lambing. Four dietary groups, balanced for pregnancy status were established utilising a 2x2 design for energy (E) and protein (P) levels. These were E1P1; E1P2; E2P1; and E2P2 (groups 1 - 4 respectively) and were based on a lucerne hay and barley diet. E1 and E2 were designed to promote 0 and +50g/d gain in maternal bodyweight, respectively. P1 and P2 contained approximately 120 and 200gCP/kg DM, respectively, the difference achieved through the inclusion of fishmeal in P2 diets. From seven weeks prior to and until parturition all ewes were trickle infected with 10,000 Teladorsagia circumcincta and 7,000 Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae per day. Faecal egg counts were determined weekly from five weeks prior to and until three weeks after parturition when worm burdens were determined. Geometric mean faecal egg counts (epg) and worm burdens were 1610 and 145 epg and 12020 and 1540 worms, respectively, on low and high protein diets (P<0.01 in both cases) and 310 and 750 epg (NS) and 2290 and 8090 worms, respectively (P<0.01) in single compared to twin-bearing ewes. There was no effect of energy level. The periparturient breakdown in resistance to parasitic infection thus appears to be counteracted by protein supplementation. Supplementation of the ewe may provide an alternative parasite control strategy by reducing pasture contamination and may have greatest effect in prolific flocks. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Donaldson J and Van Houtert MFJ and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {40799,
	title = {Effects of potassium on potential difference across the rumen wall and magnesium metabolism in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {138-142},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Several in vitro studies have indicated that the potential difference  (p.d.) across the rumen wall is important for magnesium (Mg) absorption  and that increases in p.d. as a result of high rumen potassium (K)  concentration may reduce Mg transport. The aim of this work was to  provide quantitative data on the relationship between p.d. and Mg  absorption in the live animal and on diurnal variation in p.d. Twelve rumen cannulated ewes, weighing 45},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Wachirapakorn C and Sykes AR and Robson AB}
}
@conference {40798,
	title = {Magnesium metabolism in sheep subjected to sodium or water loading},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {133-137},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = { Six rumen-cannulated ewes, averaging 48},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Wachirapakorn C and Sykes AR and Robson AB}
}
@conference {40388,
	title = {Magnesium Solubility in the caecum in response to pH changes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {103-106},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {We examined the practicality of using a combination of protein  polymorphism and DNA fingerprinting to match up hinds and calves in nine  separate mating groups of red deer with between 8 and 21 progeny each.  Variation in 10 polymorphic proteins excluded 0.61 to 0.89 of the  possible dam-calf combinations in each sire group, leaving between 2 and  200 pedigree combinations per group to be solved by DNA fingerprinting.  Of the 44 sire-dam-calf combinations tested by DNA fingerprinting, 22  were excluded, while four calves matched the parents at all bands.  However, 16 pedigrees were equivocal, due to the fact that one or both  parents were not in a lane directly adjacent to the calf on the  fingerprinting gel. The low probability of exclusion of protein testing  in some sire groups, combined with the practical limitation of having to  run each possible pedigree combination side by side on DNA  fingerprinting gels, mean that the present techniques do not provide a  routine method for identifying the dam-calf pairings in red deer mating  groups on farms.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dalley DE and Isherwood P and Sykes AR and Robson AB}
}
@conference {40344,
	title = {Brief Communication - Susceptibility of the breeding ewe to parasitism},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {375-378},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated for some  components of cashmere production using data obtained from goats born in  1987 and 1988 from flocks participating in a sire reference scheme. A  total of 33 sires and 841 progeny were included in the analysis.  Heritability estimates of weaning and yearling liveweights from  univariate restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analyses were 0.14},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McAnulty RW and Familton AS and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {40290,
	title = {Effects of daily larval challenge on the performance of breeding ewes from late pregnancy to post weaning - Brief Communication},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {95-96},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A CIDR was inserted into 72 ewes which were either early in the  cycle (E; days 1-3), at mid cycle (M; days 7-9) or late in the cycle (L;  days 13-15). Half of the ewes received either 0 or 300 IU of pregnant  mares{\textquoteright} serum gonadotrophin (PMSF) at the start of superovulation  treatment. M ewes had two thirds as many ovarian surface follicles >1.5  mm diameter compared to E and L ewes (8.8 vs 13.6 vs 13.0; P<0.001). M  ewes had approximately two thirds as many ovulations present 8 days  later compared to E and L ewes (5.1 vs 7.7 vs 7.7; P<0.05). For ewes  receiving 300 IU of PMSG as well as FSH, there was a significant  regression of follicle number on ovulation rate (b=0.73},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McAnulty RW and Familton AS and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {40343,
	title = {Effects of fasting and an opioid antagonist on food intake in lambs infected with intestinal parasites},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {371-374},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A divergent selection experiment with Romney sheep, using plasma  concentration of IGF-1 measured 4 weeks after weaning as the selection  criterion, was initiated in 1986. From 111 ram lambs born and reared as  twins, 4 with the highest level of IGF-1, 4 with the lowest level and 4  selected at random were used to create three lines (high, low and  control). Each ram was randomly mated with 25 ewes. Data from 1986  (number of lambs=111), and two F1 generations (1988, n=241 and 1989,  n=151) are presented here. Analysis of variance showed that date of  birth, age of dam, rearing rank, and sex significantly contributed to  variation in plasma levels of IGF-1. Expression of variation in plasma  IGF-1 between years appeared to be influenced by variation in pasture  supply. Residual correlations between IGF-1 levels and production  traits were positive but of variable magnitude (weaning weight, 0.14 to  0.43; post-weaning growth rate, -0.07 to 0.24; fleeceweight, 0.27).  Based on the selection differential generated by initial screening of  rams and the average divergency between the high and low lines, realised  heritabilities of 0.22 and 0.27 were obtained for plasma IGF-1  concentration in 1988 and 1989, respectively.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dynes RA and Poppi DP and Barrell GK and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {40302,
	title = {The influence of sward structure on peak bite force and bite weight in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {153-158},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effects of oxytocin and bovine somatotropin (BST) on  production of cows milked once a day (OAD) were assessed in late  lactation. Seventy four cows were milked OAD for 28 days including 7  days adaptation, 14 days treatment, and 7 days post-treatment.  Treatments were OAD controls, OAD plus 5 i.u. oxytocin injected  intravenously each day or OAD plus 20 mg BST injected subcutaneously  each day. An additional 20 cows were milked twice a day (TAD)  throughout the trial.   Production of OAD cows averaged 11\% less than that of the TAD controls  during the first week of OAD milking. Milk yield was significantly  increased by 13\% in BST treated cows but was not affected by oytocin.  Cessation of both treatments resulted in a reduction in yield compared  to the OAD and TAD control groups. The failure of oxytocin to increase  yield was not in agreement with previous results, possibly due to a  lower dose rate of oxytocin in the present trial. Increased yields in  BST treated cows suggested that udder capacity was not constraining  yield and that BST may override the inhibition of milk secretion which  occurs with extended milking intervals.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hughes TP and Sykes AR and Poppi DP and Hodgson J}
}
@conference {40220,
	title = {The effect of endoparasitism on host nutrition - the implications for nutrient manipulation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {237-244},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Colostrum is an essential post-natal energy source. We have   investigated the link between lamb serum immunoglobulin concentration   and colostrum intake as a means of estimating lamb energy intake.     Thirty previously unsuckled Coopworth and Corriedale lambs were bottle   fed fresh colostrum at 60, 135, 210 or 285 ml/kg birth weight 24 hr in   equal feeds at 2 or 4 hour intervals from birth to 30 hours after birth.   IgG in serum was measured before first feeding and then at 8 hour   intervals to 32 hours after first feeding by ZnSO4 turbidity. Prior to   feeding mean serum IgG concentration of the lambs was 0.41},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Poppi DP and Sykes AR and Dynes RA}
}
@conference {40222,
	title = {Studies on the physiological basis of appetite depression in nematode infection in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {249-254},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The influence of preweaning growth rate on postweaning growth   and carcass grading characteristics was investigated in two experiments   with lambs at pasture. Differences in preweaning growth rate due to   within mob variation, feed allowance treatments or rearing rank had   small or no effects on postweaning growth when lambs were offered the   same pasture allowance per unit of liveweight or per head after weaning.   Therefore lambs with slower preweaning growth rates had lighter   carcasses at a common age (P<0.01) or were older at a common weight   (P<0.05). Carcass GR measurements were not significantly influenced by   preweaning growth rates when compared at the same carcass weight and   slaughter date. An increase in weight-adjusted GR measurements was   observed over autumn.    },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dynes RA and Ankersmit AEL and Poppi DP and Barrell GK and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {40133,
	title = {Comparative effects of dietary molybdenum concentration on distribution of copper in plasma in sheep and red deer (Cervus elaphus)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {15-20},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Implants of melatonin can improve reproductive performance in sheep but timing of joining is important. In this study, 531 Coopworth ewes were used in a 2x4 factorial design to investigate the effects on reproductive performance of Regulin (melatonin) implants and time of joining. Implanted ewes were treated about 1 month prior to joining on either 1 December, 15 December, 29 December or 12 January. Control ewes were untreated. Matings with Poll Dorset rams were recorded fortnightly until the rams were removed on 5 February. About 10\% of the implanted and control ewes joined on 1 December mated by 29 December. By the end of joining, over 90\% of these early joined ewes had mated. Melatonin treatment had no effect on mating pattern in these 2 joining groups. By contrast, melatonin treatment improved the total number of ewes mated when joined on 29 December (100\% v 58\% P<0.001). About 50\% of the treated and control ewes joined on 12 January had mated by the end of joining, but not melatonin treatment affected return to service rates. Melatonin treatment reduced the pregnancy rate in ewes joining on 1 December and 15 December (69\% v 83\% P<0.01). In contrast, melatonin treatment increased the pregnancy rate for 29 December joinings (72\% v 41\% P<0.001) but not 12 January joinings (49\% v 46\%). The incidence of multiple pregnancies was increased by melatonin treatment (40\% v 30\% P<0.05). The melatonin treatment trend was for fewer lambs per ewe joined for early joining times to more lambs per ewe joined for later joining times. These results demonstrate that reproduction responses to melatonin implants are very sensitive to time of joining. With a late December to mid January joining time and an early February end of joining, between 20 and 40 more lambs per ewe joined was achieved in this study. The onset to the breeding season in these Coopworth ewes is about 2 months earlier than expected. The use of Poll Dorset rams may be an important factor in this early onset.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Osman NHI and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {40132,
	title = {Efficacy of Coprin in deer and sheep: An evaluation and comparative study},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {11-14},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effect of treatment with melatonin (Regulin(r)) implants on spring down growth, oestrus and conception rates was examined in dry does (n=84), while the effect of this treatment on down growth, lactation and kid growth rates was examined lactating does (n=109). Treated does were implanted 3 times at 8 weekly intervals starting in early September. The animals were shorn and fleeces sampled on 26 January. Regulin(r) melatonin treatment increased down weight by 43\%, 92\% and 88\% in dry hoggets, dry mixed-age and lactating mixed-age does, respectively, and increased down diameter by 6\%, 2\% and 4\% and total fleece weight by 22\%, 29\% and 30\% respectively. The down weight of the untreated lactating does (12.3g) was half that of the untreated dry does (24.3g). The lactating mixed-age does kidded from 30 August to 29 September, 4 does kidded before the first implant. Regulin(r) treatment had no effect on the appearance of milk secretions or the weaning weight of kids. Fertile bucks were joined from 6 October to 20 October and from 24 November to 8 December to the dry does. There was 1 mating mark and pregnancy in the treated does in the first joining period and no mating marks in either groups in the second period.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Harrison TJ and Sykes AR and Familton AS}
}
@conference {40173,
	title = {Magnesium absorption from the large intestine of sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {229-232},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The proportions of ewes ovulating and ovulating multiples were recorded monthly from July-April in Poll Dorset ewes at 2 locations, and in Romney ewes at 4 locations. Flocks of 50-100 ewes were split into two groups and alternated from being isolated to being with vasectomised Dorset rams. Romney ewes differed between locations in ovarian activity even in July (83 and 56\% ovulating in Levin and Ohakune). Romney ewes were anovular by September-October. By contrast, Poll Dorset ewes had a similar trend to ewes ovulating. Poll Dorset ewes at both locations returned to full ovarian activity between late December and January. In Romney ewes there were differences between locations in onset of ovarian activity, with the earliest location being Takapau, and Ohakune the latest. Onset of ovarian activity was 2-3 weeks earlier for teased than for isolated Romney ewes. The response to teasing at the end of the breeding season was small (12-15\%) compared to the beginning of the season (44\%). In a second experiment, 2500 mature Romney ewes were randomly allocated to two groups. One group was joined on 15 April and the other on 10 June. There were no differences in ewes lambing (96 v 97\%) but multiple births declined from 44\% for the early to 18\% for the late joined ewes. This was partially offset by higher lamb survival in the later joined ewes (88 v 79\%).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dalley DE and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {40082,
	title = {Effects of oestradiol on skeletal growth in lambs},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1988},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {25-28},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Growth and hogget reproduction were recorded in Texel, Oxford Down (Oxford) and Finnish Landrace (Finn) purebreds and crosses born in 1985, 1986 and 1987. Border Leicester and Suffolk cross hoggets were included in 1986 and Suffolk cross, Coopworth and Perendale hoggets in 1987. Amongst the purebreds, Oxfords were heavier at weaning than Texels and Finns (100: 92: 89), and as yearlings (100: 93: 88). Amongst the crossbreds born in 1986, Oxfords were heaviest at weaning with Texel, Border Leicester and Suffolks intermediate and Finn crosses the lightest (100: 97: 96: 95: 92). The yearling weight rankings for these 5 crosses were 100: 98: 94: 93: 88. Following entire joining in May after treatment with progesterone impregnated controlled internal drug releasers and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin, the number of lambs born per hogget joined were, for 1985 and 1986 born purebreds, 1.40 and 1.11 in Finns; 0.76 and 0.96 in Texels and 0.21 and 0.51 in Oxfords. Amongst the 1986 born crosses, Finns ranked highest (1.31 lambs per hogget), Border Leicester, Suffolk and Texel crosses were intermediate (0.61 to 0.65) and Oxfords lowest (0.44). These findings highlight the role of Oxfords for early growth rate and Finns for exceptionally high early reproduction rate.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Mahgoub O and Barrell GK and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {40111,
	title = {Short- and long-term effects of intestinal parasitism on growth in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1988},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {157-162},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Skin and fleece samples were taken from 637 ewes of Romney (R), Superfine Merino (SFM), Local Merino (LM), Superfine Merino x Romney (SFMxR), Local Merino x Romney (LMxR) and Backcross (BX) (3/4 SFM) genotypes. Secondary to primary follicle ratio (S/P), total follicle density (n(P+S), primary follicle density (nP), mean fibre diameter (MFD), quality number (QN), staple length (SL); total crimp number (TCN); live weight (LWT) and greasy fleece weight (GFW) were evaluated. Differences between the various genotypes, ages, years of sampling and birth/rearing ranks for these follicle and fleece characteristics were analysed. There were between genotype differences in significance of fixed effects. Genotypes having Merino ancestry with much large follicle populations had more significant fixed effects, but year of sampling and birth/rearing rank were seldom significant. Repeatability estimates for follicle and fleece characteristics ranged fr4om 0.44 to 0.89. Total follicle density and primary follicle density were positively correlated but the degree of association was higher between S/P and n(P=S). Both within and across genotypes, the correlations between S/P and MFD were negative. The low correlations between nP and GFW reflect the genotypes studied, nP having less effect on GFW and MFD in breeds with Merino ancestry. Heterosis was estimated in several ways, the means of groups representing the parent breeds being compared with the mean of each generation of the crossbred genotypes. The follicle traits, as well as MFD and QN showed negative heterosis. Live weight and GFW showed positive heterosis in the F1 SFMxR and LMxR groups of 6.84 kg, 5.99 kg and 0.18 kg and 0.47 kg respectively. The crossbreds weighed more and produced heavier fleeces than the purebreds but with no concomitant increase in MFD over the parental breed mean.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Young MJ and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {40057,
	title = {Bone growth and muscularity},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1987},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {73-75},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Highly prolific flocks of Romney, Coopworth and Perendale sheep have been established from the progeny of ewes screened from industry.  Ovulation rates of 1.5-year-old Romney, Coopworth and Perendale ewes were 1.82, 2.08 and 1.87 respectively. Corresponding ovulation rates for older ewes were 2.13, 2.27 and 2.07. Mean litter size of 1.5-year-old Romney, Coopworth and Perendale ewes was 1.63, 1.87 and 1.61 respectively and for older ewes the respective litter size was 1.88, 1.94 and 1.78. The proportion of ewes twinning ranged from 0.57 to 0.69.  Within the flocks there are some family lines which are showing outstanding prolificacy and are the subject of a progeny testing programme.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Young MJ and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39987,
	title = {The effect of post-ruminal infusion of protein or energy on the pathology of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection and body},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1986},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {27-30},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Fat and lean Coopworth ewes that were daughters of fat and lean rams were joined with rams from the Invermay lean and fat selection lines to study the effects of genotype (fat, lean) and mid-pregnancy feeding level on foetal weight and ewe carcass measurements at day 135 of gestation. Ewes offered a high level of feed during days 30 to 100 of gestation gained 3\% while those on a low level lost 9\% of their day 30 live weight. All ewes were offered the same level of feeding from day 100 until slaughter on day 135. Mid-pregnancy nutrition had no effect on foetal weight. Litter size had significant effects on foetal weight (single 4.56 kg, twin 3.99 kg, triplet 3.24 kg). The weight of foetuses of the lean genotype adjusted for litter size and nutrition was 270g heavier (P<0.01) than that of the fat genotype. The weight of placenta, and placentome number/foetus decreased with litter size and were associated significantly with foetal weight. Fat genotype, however, had no effect on placental weight or placentome number. Fat genotype of the ewe and foetus did not affect a number of foetal skeletal size parameters but influenced foetal weight despite ewe nutrition. Consequently it appears that this influence on foetal weight is independent on any effect of the placenta per se.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bown MD and Poppi DP and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39983,
	title = {The society - about attitudes and perspectives},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1986},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1-4},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {One alternative to control of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism with anthelmintics may lie in genetic selection for resistance to infection and/or disease. Heritabilities for faecal egg count suggest that good selection responses can be achieved with Romney sires. Research must now identify markers that will accurately predict resistant and susceptible animals. To do this successfully, mechanisms associated with immune-competence, - tolerance and -expulsion and host resistance to these nematodes must be elucidated more fully. This review examines local and systemic humoral and cell-mediated immunities to some of the GI nematode parasites infecting sheep, goats and cattle, with emphasis to sheep. Additional literature is presented identifying some of the factors that may modify any responses; factors such as host nutrition, hormonal and reproductive status and genetics. The overwhelming conclusion must be that significant large voids exist in our understanding of the processes of immunity exerted by domestic stock to combat infection with nematode helminths. Furthermore much latitude has been taken describing and interpreting observations since many are postulated from studies involving laboratory host parasite models.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39954,
	title = {Comparative intake of digestible organic matter and water by sheep and goats},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1985},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {107-112},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The diurnal pattern of grazing and of rumen fill was studied to assess whether the initiation and cessation of eating were associated with any particular level of rumen fill. Four wethers fitted with large rumen cannulae grazed Huia white clover or Matua prairie grass for 14 to 21 days. Animals grazed longer on the prairie grass than on the white clover (8.9 v 5.8 h). Major grazing periods were evident in the morning and afternoon, although the animals generally spent more of each hour in razing during the afternoon. Rumen fill (volume, wet weight and dry weight) showed diurnal patterns of change similar to the grazing pattern. The maximum level of rumen fill (9.5 and 7.0 g DM/kg live weight (W) on grass and clover respectively) was observed at the end of the afternoon grazing period and the minimum at 0900 h on the grass (5.2 g DM/kg W) and at 1300 h on the clover (3.9 g DM/kg W). The implication of these results is that the intake of these roughages is less than that which is physically possible if the animal ate consistently to its maximum fill.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Alam MR and Poppi DP and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39956,
	title = {Diurnal patterns of rumen fill in grazing sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1985},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {117-120},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Weaned lambs grazed areas of native tussock oversown with either lotus or a mixture of white and red clover for 2 consecutive 4-week periods in each of 2 years. The lambs selectively grazed introduced legume in the clover plots but not in the lotus plots. At herbage allowances at or below 2 kg DM/animal/d, there were no differences in live-weight gain (LWG) between lambs grazing areas oversown with either lotus or clover. At high allowances, LWG tended to be lower during the initial 4 weeks of grazing lotus (60 to 114 g/d) and to then increase to comparable values for lambs grazing areas oversown with clovers (140 g/d). Any depression of LWG could be minimised by "conditioning" lambs to lotus, and by management of companion grasses to keep them in the vegetative state. It was concluded that the initial period of lower LWG on lotus would not be a drawback if lotus was used as a maintenance-type feed for ewes in summer/autumn.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Thomson BC and Cruickshank GJ and Poppi DP and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39955,
	title = {Intake and duodenal protein flow in early weaned lambs grazing white clover, lucerne, ryegrass and prairie grass},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1985},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {113-116},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Groups of animals were exposed to 1 of 8 by-product feedstuffs for 15 minutes daily. Each animal{\textquoteright}s consuming time was scored. Stable intakes occurred after intervals ranging from 2.3 d for whey permeate to 6.4 d for brewer{\textquoteright}s waste. Sulphuric acid whey and mother liquor were not accepted. Familiarising the animals with the pens and feeding procedures, and reducing social dominance effects resulted in increased consumption. Mixing a low preference feed in increasing proportions with a highly acceptable feed can result in cows eating previously rejected products. By this means cows were changed from concentrated deproteinised lucerne juice or corn steep liquor (highly acceptable) to mother liquor, brewer{\textquoteright}s waste or cheese whey (less acceptable) in from 5 to 15 days.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cruickshank GJ and Poppi DP and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39951,
	title = {Skeletal changes and some muscle-skeletal relationships during growth and undernutrition in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1985},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {93-96},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Eight Friesian bull calves from high breeding index (HBI) parents (mean BI=134) and 8 from low breeding index (LBI) parents (mean BI=104) were allocated to 1 of 2 levels of milk intake from 3 weeks of age until weaning at 7.5 weeks of age. The calves were then grazed at pasture and weighed at 21 to 25 weeks of age. LM calves consumed more herbage organic matter (OM) both before (P<0.01) and for 3 weeks after (P<0.05) weaning. Increasing daily milk intake by 1 litre decreased daily herbage OM intake by 0.11 kg. The total DE intake from 3 weeks to 10.5 weeks of age did not differ significantly between treatments. HM calves grew faster (P<0.05) than LM calves in the pre-weaning period, but no differences were observed from them on. At no stage were significant differences observed in calf live weights between milk treatment groups. There were significant differences in growth rate or herbage intake between BI groups, nor any significant interactions between BI and levels of milk intake.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Young MJ and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39894,
	title = {Diet selection of young ruminants in late spring},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {109-112},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Earlier trials indicated that pasture quality (\% green DM in the sward) and pasture accessibility (green DM/ha) can be more limiting to ewe live-weight gain prior to mating than pasture allowance. Two trials investigated the effects of summer grazing management on subsequent pasture quality. From weaning to the start of flushing ewes were grazed lax (residual >2000 kg DM/ha) or hard (residual <1500 kg DM/ha). A live-weight difference of 4 kg occurred at the start of flushing and reduced to 2.5 kg at mating. Main effect results showed that at similar green allowances, ewes flushed on pasture which had previously been hard grazed had live-weight gains 20 to 30 g/d more than ewes on lax grazed pasture. There were no differences in ovulation rate but he live-weight results suggest that there would on average be an advantage to flushing on hard grazed pasture. Wool production was affected similarly to live weight. Management implications are discussed.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hughes TP and Sykes AR and Poppi DP}
}
@conference {39895,
	title = {Influence of age of early weaned lambs on intake, digestibility and retention time of clover hay},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {113-116},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A simulation model was used to generate functions to evaluate winter and spring feed priorities for replacement hoggets and ewes on North Island hill country. The functions relate ewe, hogget and lamb live weights at the end of the respective seasons to seasonal stocking rate and live weight and pasture cover at the start of the season. The site simulated was Ballantrae Hill Country Research Station. At high stocking rates, switching priorities from hoggets in winter (relative stocking rate, 1 hogget/ewe) to ewes in spring (2.4 hoggets/ewe) provided no benefit to ewe and hogget live weight at weaning, compared to other selected winter/spring strategies (eg. 1.2/2.05 or 1.4/1.8 hoggets/ewe). However, lamb weaning weight was greater under the former strategy. The same pattern held for lower stocking rates. Imposition of system constraints reduced the apparent advantages displayed in the general functions. Rationing feed to hoggets in spring was important to success at high hogget stocking rates.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cruickshank GJ and Poppi DP and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39837,
	title = {Intake, digestibility and retention time of 2 forages by kids and lambs},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1983},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {119-122},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Fifty New Zealand Romney lambs (25 wethers and 25 ewes) grazing a ryegrass/white clover pasture from weaning, were used to study the distribution of zinc, copper, manganese and iron among the various organs and tissues and the amounts associated with a kilogram gain in fleece-free empty body weight. Each kilogram gain in fleece-free empty body weight was associated with 24 mg Zn, 0.77 mg Cu, 0.47 mg Mn and 55 mg Fe, while a kilogram of clean wool contained 220 mg Zn, 7 mg Cu, 3.5 mg Mn and 23 mg Fe. Thus for a young sheep gaining 100g of fleece-free empty body weight/d maintaining a mean wool growth of 10 g/d the daily demands for Zn, Cu and Mn for growth (2.4 mg Zn; 0.08 mg Cu; 0.05 mg Mn) and wool production (2.2 mg Zn; 0.07 mg Cu; 0.035 mg Mn) were found to be similar.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Alam MR and Poppi DP and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39806,
	title = {The effect of clean pasture and anthelmintic frequency on growth rates of lambs on irrigated pasture - Brief Communication},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1982},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {187-188},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McAnulty RW and Clark VR and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39798,
	title = {Influence of herbage allowance on diet quality in lactation ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1982},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {161-164},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Urinary magnesium concentrations in dairy cows follow a distinct seasonal pattern, being high during the summer and lowest during August and September, coinciding with the period when the incidence of hypomagnesaemia is at its greatest. During this critical period mean urinary Mg concentrations (Y, mg/mg creatinine) measured weekly were related to mean plasma Mg concentrations (X, mM) by expression in Y= - 7.5 + 6.2X (R},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Geenty KG and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39793,
	title = {Modification of antler growth in red deer stags by use of synthetic progestogen},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1982},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {145-148},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Muir PD and Barrell GK and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39754,
	title = {The shelter requirements of the new-born lamb},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1982},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {7-12},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No Abstract Supplied},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39748,
	title = {The effect of daily infection with O. circumcincta larvae on the performance of pregnant and lactating sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1981},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {279-282},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Leyva V and Henderson AE and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39742,
	title = {Intake and growth performance of grazing lambs weaned at 4 and 12 weeks of age},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1981},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {235-241},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Geenty KG and Sykes AR}
}
@conference {39664,
	title = {Some implications of sward chemical and physical characteristics for the nutrition of grazing ruminants},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1980},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {68-84},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hughes TP and Poppi D and Sykes AR}
}
