@conference {79008,
	title = {Potential for genomic selection of bovine embryos},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {156-158},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Sexual reproduction is a genetic lottery. There is no guarantee that offspring receive a favourable combination of genes from their parents to form their genotype. For animal breeding, the conventional way of selection has been based on phenotyping adults or their progeny. Increasingly, however, dairy cattle breeding schemes are integrating the use of genomic selection of juvenile and adult candidates (Hayes et al. 2009; Pryce et al. 2010). To further increase the intensity of selection and accelerate the rate of genetic gain, we aim to genomically select bovine embryos within one week after in vitro fertilisation (IVF) using gametes from elite parents. The generation of multiple embryos from multi-factorial ... continued},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher PJ and Hyndman DL and Bixley MJ and Oback FC and Popovic L and McGowan LT and Berg MC}
}
@conference {41405,
	title = {Survival of in vitro-produced cattle embryos from embryo transfer to weaning},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {57-60},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {New reproductive technologies present both the beef and dairy industries of New Zealand with numerous opportunities. A key factor in the successful use of these technologies is the reproductive rate obtained from their use. MOET (multiple ovulation and embryo transfer) is a fairly well established procedure to achieve pregnancy by embryo transfer. As an alternative, harvesting of oocytes, in vitro fertilization, culture, and subsequent embryo transfer (IVP-ET), also has potential. The technology is still relatively new and pregnancy rates of 30\% have been reported. This is at least 10\% lower than that achieved with MOET. As part of another project, approximately 400 recipient cows, in each of three years, were subject to ET using fresh IVP embryos. Pregnancy rates to calving, per embryo transferred, averaged 40, 44 and 33\% in 1999, 2000 and 2001 respectively. Within years, average pregnancy rate varied from less than 20\% to over 50\% depending on recipient source (P<0.05), breed (P<0.01) and condition score (P<0.05). Once cows could be detected pregnant, at about 50 days after embryo transfer, they tended to stay pregnant through to calving. Neither embryo breed nor the type of oestrus-synchronizing device had a significant effect on pregnancy rate. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smeaton DC and McGowan LT and Scott ML and Tervit HR and Cameron CA}
}
@conference {40952,
	title = {Effect on time of year of treatment and selection for out-of-season breeding on the superovulatory response in ewes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {258},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Previous results (Greaney, et al.,1991.) indicate that season of year has little effect on the response parameters of MOET although interactions between breed and season were recorded. Flocks within a breed have been selected for differences in seasonal lambing patterns based on ewe lambing date (Smith, et al.,1992). This trial reports the effects of this selection on the production and quality of embryos following superovulation at two times of the year as part of the cryogenic conservation process for these flocks.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and McGowan LT and Murray GR and Parr J and Pugh PA and Tervit HR}
}
@conference {40633,
	title = {In vitro production of cattle embryos: Use in beef twinning programmes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {351-352},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This study investigated the survival of <I>in vitro</I> derived embryos as 
single or twin pregnancies following their twin transfer to recipient cows.  
Abattoir-derived oocytes were matured, fertilised and then cultured for 6-7 days 
using our standard laboratory procedures.  One hundred and forty good quality late  
morula and blastocysts were transferred non-surgically, in pairs, to recipient  
cows on day 7 of the oestrous cycle (day 0 = oestrus).  Recipients were  
monitored by ultrasound for pregnancy up to Day 60 and embryo survival was  
determined.  While 57 (81\%) of recipients did not show oestrus by day 21, only  
39 (56\%) were pregnant on day 35 and 30 (77\%) of the pregnancies were twins  
(embryo survival; 57\%).  Increasing stage of gestation was associated with a  
decrease in pregnancy rate, twin pregnancies and embryo survival (46\%, 37\%  
and 31\%, respectively) on day 60.  The results show that while high initial  
pregnancy rates can be established following the transfer of two <I>in vitro</I>  
derived embryos, embryo survival drops during early pregnancy.  Current research  
efforts are investigating factors that may influence early embryo survival in  
cattle. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Pugh PA and Thompson JG and McGowan LT and McMillan WH and Tervit HR}
}
@conference {40426,
	title = {Effect of glucose level in culture medium on survival of in vitro cultured sheep embryos following transfer to recipient ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {255-256},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The commencement and course of cell proliferation is described  in proanagen hair follicles of ferrets. Initiation of autumn fur growth  was synchronised in 32 animals using melatonin implants. Skin samples  containing S-phase cells labelled in vivo with bromodeoxyuridine were  collected from groups of four animals up until the time of development  of metanagen follicles at 14 days post-implant. Cells were visualised  by an indirect immunocytochemical method and counts made of  proliferating cells in the hair germ, epithelial strand/outer root  sheath, connective tissue sheath and dermal papilla. Telogen follicles  showed no labelling in all four tissues until 4 days after melatonin  implant. The largest number of proliferating cells were in the hair  germ, which formed the new fibre and inner root sheath. The cell  labelling index for this tissue remained high at 14 days post-implant.  In other tissues, cell proliferation reached peaks during mid to late  proanagen, then declined as the metanagen state was reached. These  results indicate that some key signalling events controlling ferret hair  growth occur between 0 and 4 days after the melatonin implant, and  illustrate the separate processes of follicular regeneration and fibre  growth occurring in proanagen follicles.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Thompson JG and Simpson AC and Pugh PA and McGowan LT and James RW and Berg DK and Payne SR and Tervit HR}
}
@conference {40209,
	title = {Effect of oestradiol implants and protein nutrition on plasma FSH levels in ovariectomised ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {145-148},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The possible impact of developments in artificial insemination   (AI), multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET), sexed semen and   embryos, cloning, physiological markers, genetic markers and transgenic   livestock on rates of genetic change are reviewed and discussed.   Previous theoretical predictions have exaggerated the potential   increases in rates of genetic change available from MOET, particularly   in small, closed MOET nucleus schemes. Sexing of semen and/or embryos   has a relatively small effect on rates of genetic change, but sex   control can potentially have a dramatic effect on the efficiency of   farming systems. Developing techniques to produce large clone families   in livestock will increase rates of genetic change, particularly through   faster dissemination of superior genotypes to commercial populations. A   cost-benefit analysis of some different strategies for increasing   genetic change in the New Zealand dairy cattle population has identified   that useful contributions could come from AI (by doubling current bull   coverage) and from MOET and genetic and/or physiological markers.   Equally important economic returns were identified from increasing the   number of bull mothers continuously bred by AI.     The impact of transgenic animals, gene mapping and genetic markers   (linkage) on rates of genetic change is likely to take much longer (10-   20 years) than the reproductive techniques.    },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Cruickshank GJ and Payne E and Konlechner J and Parr J and McGowan LT and McLaughlin RR}
}
@conference {40210,
	title = {The effects of nutrition oestradiol, phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride on ovulation rate and plasma FSH in ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {149-154},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Recent advances in the genetic manipulation of animals have   raised some familiar and some less familiar ethical issues. The   obligation to safeguard the welfare of animals must be extended to   include the production of transgenic animals, to ensure that the   well-being of such "products" takes precedence over profitability. Human   welfare must also be safeguarded especially in relation to the equitable   distribution of the benefits from genetic engineering and the protection   of the environment. The change in the relationship between human and   non-human animals, exemplified in the patenting of genetically modified   animals, has serious implications for the integrity of animal science.    },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Payne E and Smith JF and Peterson AJ and McGowan LT and Cope BC and McLaughlin R}
}
@conference {40177,
	title = {Seasonal pattern of ovulation in Merino Romney and Merino x Romney ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {249-254},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Effects of liveweight change during pregnancy and ewe shearing on lamb birth weight were studied using highly fecund Booroola-Merino cross Coopworth ewes. Following stratification on the basis of ewe live weight (mean 53.7 kg), age, breed, condition score, and previous (187) litter size, ewes were randomly allocated to a high (H) or low (L) early pregnancy (0.-49 days) nutritional treatment. Ewes on treatments L and H were offered sufficient feed to change their average live weight by 0 and 3 kg respectively between mating and 7 weeks post-mating. On the basis of litter size estimated by ultrasound scanning on day 50 of pregnancy, each of the 2 ewe groups was subdivided and allocated to one of 2 mid-pregnancy nutritional treatments (h and L) designed to change ewe body weight (live weight less conceptus weight) by 3 and 0 kg respectively in 7 weeks. One hundred and nineteen days after mating, half the ewes in each of the 4 nutritional subgroups were shorn and fed to the estimated metabolisable energy (ME) requirement of unshorn ewes. Lamb birth weights were recorded twice daily and within 12 hours of birth for 221 lambs born to 102 ewes conceiving at synchronised oestrus. High level of nutrition of ewes in early pregnancy increased birth weight of lambs by 46 (},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and McGowan LT and Dobbie JL and Smart SH}
}
@conference {40100,
	title = {Advancement of the breeding season in Coopworth ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1988},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {103-108},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {In 1986 the ovulation rates of 21 Romney ewes selected for facial eczema (FE) resistance (R) and 27 selected for FE susceptibility (S) were recorded on day 5 of the cycle following synchronisation of oestrus with controlled internal drug releasers (CIDR) at the end of April. The ewes were then all dosed daily with 10ml of slurry of a culture of Fasarium containing 6mg zearalenone for 10 d. The ewes were re-examined for post-treatment ovulation rate. The resistant ewes had a higher ovulation rate pre-treatment than did the susceptible ewes (R=1.90 and S=1.50). Both groups showed a decline in ovulation rate after zearalenone treatment (R=1.35 and S=1.22). In 1987 Romney ewes from 4 FE resistance selection flocks (Model resistant (MR) n=148; Model control (MC), n=105; Resistant (R), n=110 and Susceptible (S), n=73) were examined by laparoscopy at the beginning of April. The ovulation rates were higher in the resistant flocks (MR = 1.73; MC = 1.55; R = 1.55; R = 1.42 and S = 1.29). These data indicate that the higher reproductive performance of FE resistant ewes could in part be due to their higher ovulation rates but that resistance to FE confers no protection against the effects of zearalenone.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and McGowan LT and Knight TW and MacLean KS}
}
@conference {40106,
	title = {Ovulation rates in ewes selected for resistance to facial eczema and the effect of exposure to zearalenone},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1988},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {135-138},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Three mobs of mixed age Saanen milking does (n=15) were grazed separately on 3 suites of paddocks during the spring-summer lactation season between 1984 and 1985. Animals within mobs were drenched at 21 d intervals according to manufacturer{\textquoteright}s recommended dose rates with 1 of either ivermectin, oxfendazole or morantel. Ivermectin was given to all stock while not lactating. Seasonal patterns in faecal nematode egg count (FEC) were similar across all 3 groups. FEC regain measured 7 d after drenching suggested that effectiveness of the drench depended on the type used. Faecal cultures indicated that Ostertagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were dominant during the summer months. Does with kids at foot were turned out for 76 d as tracers on the various suites at the end of the first trial. At slaughter, the dominant genus found was Ostertagia while appreciably fewer Trichostrongylus spp. were recovered. Significant differences in total worm burdens were detected between treatment groups. Drenching programmes appeared to have little effect on parasite control on pasture grazed solely by Saanen does. This is attributable to contamination established on pasture as well as the relative ineffectiveness of these types of drenches in this breed of goat when used at rates recommended for sheep.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Campbell AG and Towers NR and Cow NR and McGowan LT and Wesselink C}
}
@conference {40099,
	title = {Seasonal changes in oestrus, ovulation and conception of Coopworth ewes treated with CIDRs and PMSG},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1988},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {99-102},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Recent interest in mating ewes at non-traditional times has increased the risk of sporidesmin poisoning (facial eczema) during mid to late pregnancy and lactation. In this pilot study, autumn mated ewes dosed with sporidesmin during pregnancy were used as a model to study the effects of sporidesmin poisoning on production. Ninety ewes were randomised into 3 equal sized groups and were dosed with either a low (0.125 mg/kg live weight) or moderate (0.250 mg/kg) dose of sporidesmin at 120},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Cruickshank GF and McGowan LT and Parr J and Mortimer BJ}
}
@conference {40075,
	title = {The effect of steroid immunisation on the seasonal pattern of oestrus, ovulation and ovulation rate in Coopworth ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1987},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {143-146},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Significant numbers of livestock in New Zealand are now grazed on the understorey of Pinus radiata. Fresh foliage of radiata pine contains aromatic monoterpenes and decaying needles resin acids. As livestock grazed under trees are know to eat both fresh and decaying pine needles, a study was made to find out if the meat quality characteristics of lambs grazed under P. radiata were affected. Groups of Romney wether lambs were grazed for 49 d under P. radiata at 100 and 200 stems/ha and on open pasture (no trees). In addition, 2 groups were stall fed for 21 d with 23 and 21\% of their intake as fresh or decaying pine needles respectively. All the lambs were slaughtered on the same day. Meat samples from each were subjected to a range of meat quality tests. Meat from the lambs grazed under the trees, or consuming fresh or decaying needles had slightly different colour and muscle pH levels, but there were no significant effects on its flavour, aroma, texture, juiciness or tenderness. It was concluded that there are no meat taints associated with lambs grazed under radiata pine.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and McGowan LT and MacLean KS and Farquhar PA}
}
@conference {40016,
	title = {The effect of dose level of steroid immunogen on the reproductive performance of ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1986},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {165-170},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Red deer comprise over 80\% of New Zealand farmed deer. The larger body and antler weights and faster growth rate of wapiti, originating in North America, have encouraged many deer farmers to hybridise these animals with red deer. This study sought a biochemical marker in blood which could discriminate red deer, wapiti and F1 hybrids. Blood samples were taken from over 200 red deer, North American wapiti, and F1 hybrids. Haemolysed red blood cells were treated with potassium cyanide and subjected to isoelectric focusing (pH range 5 to 8). Starch gel electrophoresis was performed on untreated samples which were scored for both haemoglobin and superoxide dismutase. Haemoglobin from North American wapiti had a higher isoelectric point than that of red deer. Haemoglobin of all F1 hybrids tested showed a double banding pattern representing both parental types. All F1 hybrids were also heterozygous for superoxide dismutase, though this marker was not absolute. It correctly discriminated 95\% of the animals tested. This blood test could be used to verify hybridisation in live deer sales, identify hybrids among captured deer, and select for wapiti if those traits are desired.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and McGowan LT}
}
@conference {40036,
	title = {Effect of Fusarium culture and zearalenone on the reproductive performance of ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1986},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {255-258},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and di Menna ME and McGowan LT}
}
@conference {39972,
	title = {Effect of ewe live weight on the level of response to steroid immunisation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1985},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {184-187},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Immunisation has implications for genetic improvement programmes by influencing the intensity of selection, the amount and nature of genetic variation able to be exploited by selection, the accuracy of the selection process or by adding flexibility to animal husbandry that might otherwise be the objective of dynamic crossbreeding strategies. Since immunisation changes the reproductive rate of a flock there are consequential effects on the intensity of selection that is possible. Improving the effective lambing percentage from 120\% to 140\% can increase the intensity of selection of female replacements by about 19\%. The improvement is less on the male side, the combined effect on genetic improvement in a ram-breeding flock of 400 ewes being about 6\%. Alteration to the balance of physiological events may even serve to display genetic variation not otherwise available for selection. Good evidence is available that natural ovulation rate is a useful selection criterion for improvement in lamb production, but there is no direct evidence on the value of selection following immunisation of ewes to steroid hormones controlling reproduction. Indirect evidence for sheep that litter size responses to immunisation are essentially additive with respect to the effects of age of ewe, flushing treatment, breed and strain differences, suggests no major antagonisms with natural ovulation rate. Indirect evidence from mice is not so comforting - Land and Falconer{\textquoteright}s selection experiment for natural and PMS-induced ovulation rate gave an estimate of only 0.33 for the genetic correlation between these two traits, suggesting that they were largely independent genetically. Regardless of the true genetic situation for sheep it seems important that recording programmes recognise and adjust for the different distributions of ovulation rate and litter size under natural v immunised circumstances.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and MacLean KS and McGowan LT and Potts IR}
}
@conference {39874,
	title = {Reproductive performance of ewe offspring from ewes immunised against steroid hormones},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {25-28},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The pattern of ovarian follicular development in Booroola x Romney ewes (6-7 y) with an ovulation-rate >/-3 (F+ ewes) differed from that in Booroola x Romney ewes (6-7 y) with an ovulation-rate <3 (++). The difference was not due to variations in the number of ovarian follicles (>/-1 mm diameter) or in the proportion of healthy follicles which were similar for both genotypes. It arose because follicles in F+ ewes produced oestradiol and reached maturity at a smaller diameter than in ++ ewes. During a prostaglandin induced follicle phase, the secretion rate of oestradiol from ovaries with 3 presumptive preovulatory follicles in F+ ewes was similar to that from ovaries with only 1 such follicle in ++ ewes. Moreover, the total number of granulosa cells (i.e. the oestrogen-secreting cells) in 3 preovulatory follicles from F+ ewes was similar to that in 1 such follicle in ++ ewes. In F+ ewes, the presumptive preovulatory follicles reached 4.6 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and MacLean KS and McGowan LT and Potts IR}
}
@conference {39776,
	title = {Oestrogen and the PRID},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1982},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {87-90},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Ram sperm inactivated by centrifuging through a Ficoll solution were stored for 3 days at room temperature. A high proportion (80\%) of the perm was motile after reactivation with a milk diluent but compared to fresh diluted semen, the sperm gave a low pregnancy rate (6\% v 60\%).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and McGowan LT}
}
@conference {39734,
	title = {Increasing the ovulation rate in ewes by immunisation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1981},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {193-197},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Cox RI and McGowan LT and Wilson PA and Hoskinson RM}
}
@conference {39660,
	title = {The effect of lucerne feeding on ovulation rate in ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1980},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {44-49},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Jagusch KT and Brunswick LFC and McGowan LT}
}
@conference {39469,
	title = {Studies on induced calving in cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1975},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {92-96},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McGowan LT and Welch RAS and Hunter JT}
}
