@conference {3672,
	title = {Milk production and urination behaviour of dairy cows grazing diverse and simple pasture},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {79-83},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { Milk production and urination patterns were measured for mid-lactation dairy cows grazing a simple perennial ryegrass-white
clover pasture (n = 15) and a more diverse pasture (n = 15) containing herb (chicory and plantain) and legume (lucerne) species in
addition to the perennial ryegrass and white clover. Milksolids production was similar for simple (2.09 kg MS/cow/d) and diverse
(1.94 kg MS/cow/d) pasture. Urination volume and frequency were similar for simple (2.0 L/urination, 11.6 urinations/cow/d) and
diverse (2.2 L/urination, 15.0 urinations/cow/d) pasture. Urine-nitrogen (N) concentration was 20\% lower for diverse (4.9 g N/L)
than simple (6.1 g N/L) pasture. Diverse pastures may offer benefits for reducing the environmental impact of dairy farming by
reducing the N loading of urine patches.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Edwards GR and Bryant RH and Smith N and Hague H and Ferris A and Farell L}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Use of a urine meter to detect variation in urination behaviour of dairy cows on winter crops},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {84-88},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { Nitrate leaching loss from urine patches is predicted using a number of variables including urine N concentration, number of
urine patches produced, and urine patch size however, there is a lack of quantitative data on the variability of urination events. A
study was conducted using two wintering systems at Ashley Dene, Lincoln, between June and July 2014. Wintering systems were
either kale (KA) fed at an allowance of 14 kg DM/cow/day plus barley straw (3 kg DM/cow/day) (n=5), or fodder beet (FB) fed
at an allowance of 8 kg DM/cow/day, plus ryegrass baleage (6 kg DM/cow/day) (n=7). Twelve pregnant, non-lactating Holstein-
Friesian x Jersey cows were fitted with calibrated urine meters which measured volume and frequency of urination events. The
meters were worn for 24-hour periods. A calibration equation was used to calculate urine patch coverage from measured urine
patch areas in the field and urine volumes. There was large variation between animals for urination behaviour. Average urination
volume was similar for KA and FB (2.37 L/event; P>0.1 SEM=0.29), however urination frequency (12 vs. 8 events/day; P<0.1
SEM=2.25) and daily total urine volume (30 vs. 18 litres; P<0.03, SEM=4.56) were greater for KA. Average urine patch area was
also 1.8 times larger on KA than on FB (0.47 vs. 0.25 m2). This information will be used to help predict nitrate leaching losses
from grazing systems.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ravera BL and Bryant RH and Cameron KC and Di HJ and Edwards GR and Smith N}
}
