@conference {3672,
	title = {Validation of an automated system for monitoring water intake and drinking behaviour in dairy calves},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {133-136},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {The provision of palatable drinking water ad libitum for cattle is often neglected on farm and is considered difficult and imprac-tical to monitor, particularly on an individual animal basis. The objective of this study was to validate an automated system for monitoring individual water intake and drinking behaviour of dairy calves. Nineteen dairy calves were observed over five days for eight hours/day. Calves were individually identified as they visited a water trough within a narrow chute where the number and duration of visits were recorded using an overhead photoelectric sensor, and water intake was recorded using a flow meter. Data from the automated system were compared to behavioural observations from video recordings across the same time period. The automated system was highly correlated with behavioural observations for both the number of visits (R2=0.96, P<0.001) and visit durations (R2=0.94, P<0.001), but showed no correlation for water intake (R2=0.01, P>0.1). This system could be used as a reliable automated method for recording drinking behaviour in terms of the number and duration of visits. However, alternative systems for measuring water intake need to be investigated and incorporated into the automated system. This information could be used to investigate a number of questions regarding water use and quality, and their effects on calf health and welfare and could be integrated into other automated systems used on farm for daily animal monitoring.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lowe GL and Sch{\"u}tz KE and Sutherland MA and Wilson MT and Stewart M}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: The use of infrared thermography and feeding behaviour for early disease detection in New Zealand dairy calves},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {177-179},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {Neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) is a disease impacting
livestock industries economically and in terms of animal
health and welfare. In New Zealand, the most prevalent
pathogens associated with NCD are rotavirus and
Cryptosporidium (Mawly et al. 2015), but other common
pathogens include coronavirus and Salmonella. By the time
an animal presents with clinical signs of disease, much of
the associated tissue damage to the intestinal submucosa
may have already occurred, hence affecting production.
Therefore, there is a need to develop methods for early
disease detection, which ideally could be incorporated into
automated systems for real-time, remote sensing.
Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive method
of detecting radiated heat. The use of IRT in livestock and
veterinary applications was reviewed by Luzi et al. (2013).
Studies have shown IRT can be used for early identification
of calves with BRD (bovine respiratory disease) and BVD
(bovine viral diarrhoea), using changes in eye temperature
(Schaefer et al. 2004, 2012). Schaefer et al. (2012)
demonstrated that images could be collected automatically
at a water trough. In dairy calves, the behavioural
information (e.g. number of visits) gathered remotely at
an automatic calf-feeding (ACF) system can be used for
identification of at risk animals (Svensson \& Jensen, 2007;
Borderas et al. 2009). However, the use of these automated
systems has not been fully investigated under New Zealand
conditions, where calves are exposed to different pathogens
and management.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lowe GL and Schaefer AL and  and Wilson MT and Sutherland MA and Stewart M}
}
