@article {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Investigating the pattern of lameness in dairy goats across the first two years of life},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {35-38},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {Lameness is a painful condition with significant welfare and economic implications. There are few data about the high-risk periods of lameness in dairy goats, therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate how lameness occurrence changes across the first two years of life. Eighty female goats of approximately five months of age were enrolled. Gait-scoring assessments were completed at 9, 13, 17, 21 and 25 months of age. Gait scores were assigned using a 5-point gait scoring system. As there were a low number of 3, 4 or 5 gait scores recorded, a binary outcome variable was created to compare non-lame (score 1) to an impaired gait (score >= 2). A logistic regression (PROC GLIMMIX) was used to test if there was a difference in the proportion of goats with an impaired gait among assessments. When compared with the nine-month assessment, the odds of a goat having an impaired gait were greater by a factor of 2.15 (95\% CI: 1.02 {\textendash} 4.54, P<0.05) at the 13-month assessment and 3.79 (95\% CI: 1.90 {\textendash} 7.57, P<0.001) at the 25-month assessment; as these assessments were both following kidding events, this suggests that parturition may increase the risk of lameness in dairy goats.


Keywords: gait score; uneven gait; impaired gait; parturition; welfare},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Deeming L and Beausoleil NJ and Stafford KJ and Webster J and Zobel G}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Lamb castration and tailing practices in New Zealand: results of a questionnaire},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {96-99},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {There is a large body of literature that has examined the impacts of castration and tailing on lamb behaviour, stress response,
pain and productivity (Fisher et al. 2010; Kent et al. 1993; Mellor et al. 2002; Mellor \& Stafford 2000). Recently, Kerslake
et al. (2015) investigated lamb tail docking, residual tail length and the reasons behind farmers{\textquoteright} choice to dock. There is little
information available, however, regarding castration methods and reasons for the choice of leaving lambs entire, castrated or
short-scrotumed. A printed questionnaire was distributed to ~12,000 farmers on the Beef + Lamb New Zealand database. The
questionnaire contained 30 questions on aspects of management of flystrike, louse control, tailing and castration. Information
was sought regarding percentage of lambs tail docked, method used to remove tails, reason for the tailing decision, proportions of
male lambs left entire or castrated or short scrotumed, the method used to castrate or short-scrotum, and the reason for choice of
male lamb type. A total of 1253 (10\%) of questionnaires were returned. Of the farmers that responded, the most commonly used
tailing method was a hot iron (61\%), followed by rubber rings (31.4\%). Lamb growth was the primary reason that farmers gave
for leaving lambs entire, and to a lesser degree short-scrotum. The reason behind the decision to castrate was most commonly
related to lamb behaviour, however, a number of reasons had similar frequencies (lambs stay cleaner, infertility and meat quality).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Corner-Thomas RA and Ferguson MB and Kenyon PR and Stafford KJ and Pomroy WE}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {The effect of mid-pregnancy nutrition and body condition score on the behaviour of triplet-bearing ewes and their lambs},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {143-148},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {Nutrition of ewes during pregnancy may affect the behaviour of ewes and their lambs in the first few days of life. In this experiment, triplet-bearing ewes were allocated {\textquoteleft}medium{\textquoteright} (pasture mass 800-1200 kg DM/ha) or ad-libitum nutrition (pasture mass 1500-2000 kg DM/ha) from day 93 until 114 of pregnancy. Both treatments included ewes of body condition score (BCS) <=2.0, 2.5 or >=3.0 as measured on day 92 of pregnancy. Behaviours of ewes and lambs were recorded in the paddock at tagging and a subset of lambs was subjected to a maternal-recognition test. Within the BCS<=2.0 ewe group, lambs born to ewes on the medium treatment emitted more high-pitched bleats and lower low-pitched bleats than lambs born to ewes on the ad-libitum treatment. In the paddock, there was no effect of ewe feeding treatment or BCS group on the median time taken for the lambs to stand, make contact with, suck from or follow their dam. In the maternal-recognition test, the median time taken for the lambs to reach the dam and the time the lambs spent with her was not affected by ewe BCS or feeding treatment. Overall the results indicate that feeding triplet-bearing ewes above pregnancy requirements has minimal effect on lamb behaviours. There is, however, some evidence to suggest that lambs born to ewes in the BCS<=2.0 group offered the medium treatments may have experienced a weaker ewe-lamb bond. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Gronqvist GV and Hickson RE and Corner-Thomas RA and Stafford KJ and Morris ST and Kenyon PR}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {The effects of early access to meal on the behaviour of artificially reared dairy lambs},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {18-22},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {he New Zealand sheep dairy industry is growing (Peterson \& Prichard 2015). Several large commercial sheep dairy farms remove lambs from their dams within the first four days of life. In some systems, lambs have access to milk replacer (MR) ad libitum and a grain-based solid feed (Bimczok et al. 2005). Compared to young ruminants fed a milk-only diet, early access to solid feed stimulates rumen development (Baldwin et al. 2004) and earlier onset of rumination (Khan et al. 2016) to allow early weaning off MR (Bimczok et al. 2005). Earlier rumen development through access to meal may also encourage earlier grazing of pasture and greater rumination, thereby supporting early weaning. The potential to replace meal with early pasture access as the sole solid feed source to support early weaning has not been evaluated...},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nieper BA and Khan MA and Ganesh S and Knol FW and Peterson SW and Stafford KJ and Stevens DR and McCoard SA}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Variability in growth rates of goat kids on 16 New Zealand dairy goat farms},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {137-138},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {Average daily weight gains (ADG) in early life are
associated with health, welfare and future production
potential of dairy animals. While this has yet to be
established for goats, research in cows demonstrates a
positive relationship between growth in early life and milk
production (Shamay et al. 2005, Soberon et al. 2012). Early
growth rates are largely determined by the management
practices from birth onwards. It is therefore unsurprising
that large differences in ADG under different management
systems have been reported. In lambs, Mahgoub et al.
(2000) reported a large range in ADG (84-154 g/day).
Similarly, in calves, Bartlett et al. (2006) reported ADGs
ranging from 251 g/day to 703 g/day. The ADGs reported
in goats have not been as variable (152-170 g/day: Galina
et al. 1995; 167-173 g/day: Goetsch et al. 2001); however,
these were small, controlled studies. To our knowledge,
no research has yet quantified variability in the ADG of
goat kids on a large, multi-farm scale. Therefore, the aim
of this study was to describe the variation in growth rates
on multiple dairy goat farms in the Waikato region of NZ,
providing a benchmark for dairy goat farmers.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Deeming LE and Beausoleil NJ and Stafford KJ and Webster JR and Zobel G}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Does ewe nutrition during pregnancy affect the neonatal behaviour of twin-born lambs?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {8-13},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {In this experiment the effects of feeding treatments from mid pregnancy until lambing on the behaviour of twin-bearing ewes and their lambs were investigated. Fifty seven four-year-old Romney ewes were offered a medium (1164 {\textpm} 31.6 and 819 {\textpm} 16.0 kg DM/ha pre- and post-grazing pasture mass, respectively) or ad libitum (2181 {\textpm} 47.6 and 1431 {\textpm} 24.6 kg DM/ha pre- and post-grazing pasture mass, respectively) feeding treatment from day 76 of pregnancy until after lambing. At ear-tagging the time taken for the lambs to stand, make contact with, suck from and follow their dam was recorded. A maternal behaviour score based on the distance the ewe moved away from her lambs during tagging was also recorded. Survival analysis showed that lambs born to ewes offered the medium feeding treatment from mid pregnancy until lambing were quicker to stand, suck and follow compared with lambs born to ewes offered the ad libitum feeding treatment (P<0.05). It is unclear whether these behaviours indicate that lambs born to ewes in the medium treatment were more vigorous or that they had unmet needs that prompted the apparent increase in vigour. Ewe feeding treatments did not affect the maternal behaviour of the ewes.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Gronqvist GV and Hickson RE and Corner-Thomas RA and Kenyon PR and Stafford KJ and Morris ST}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {The effect of ewe nutrition and body condition score during very late pregnancy and the perinatal period on the behaviour of twin-bearing ewes and their lambs},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {219-222},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { Nutrition of ewes during pregnancy may affect the behaviour and survival of lambs. In this experiment, ewes were allocated {\textquoteleft}low{\textquoteright}
(pasture mass 800-1000 kg DM/ha), {\textquoteleft}medium{\textquoteright} (pasture mass 1200-1400 kg DM/ha) or {\textquoteleft}high{\textquoteright} nutrition (pasture mass 1500-1700
kg DM/ha) from day 141 of pregnancy until weaning. All treatments included ewes of body condition score (BCS) 2.0, 2.5 or 3.0
as measured on day 98 of pregnancy to give a 3x3 factorial design. Behaviours of ewes and lambs were recorded in the paddock
at tagging 3-18 hours after birth. Lambs born to ewes on the high treatment were quicker to stand than those on the low treatment
(median time 15.5 versus 53.5 seconds; P<0.05), but neither group differed from lambs on the medium treatment (16.5 seconds;
P>0.05). There were no differences among treatments or BCS groups in time taken for the lamb to make contact with dam, suck
from dam or follow their dam. Maternal behaviour score of the ewes was not affected by BCS or treatment. The percentage of
lambs that bleated was similar for lambs from all BCS groups and treatments. BCS and nutrition of ewes in late pregnancy and
during the neonatal period had little influence on the behaviour of ewes and lambs.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Gronqvist GV and Hickson RE and Corner-Thomas RA and Kenyon PR and Stafford KJ and Morris ST}
}
@conference {75871,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: The influence of a herb and legume sward on maternal behaviour and lamb colostrum intake and thermoregulation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {50-52},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {Nutrition of the ewe in late pregnancy is known to affect colostrum production, lamb live weight, survival to weaning (Kenyon \& Webby, 2007; Kerslake et al., 2009), and maternal behaviour (O{\textquoteright}Connor et al., 1985). Kenyon et al. (2010) reported that offering a mixed herb sward containing... Continued},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hutton PG and Kenyon PR and Bedi MK and Kemp PD and Stafford KJ and West DM and Morris ST}
}
@conference {75924,
	title = {Physical and physiological factors associated with twin- and triplet-born lamb heat production at 24 to 36 hours of age},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {286-290},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {This study attempted to identify physical and physiological factors of twin- and triplet born lambs within the first 24 to 36 hours of life which are associated with maximum heat production on a per lamb basis (W/lamb) and a per kg of birth weight basis (W/kg). Multiple regression analyses revealed that lamb birth weight accounted for 34 percent of the variation in maximum heat production on a per lamb basis (P <0.001), whereas, inclusion of plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA; P <0.01), tri-iodothyronine (T3; P <0.05) and glucose concentrations at 24 to 36 hours of age (P <0.05) increased the accountability to 59 percent. Multiple regression analyses also revealed that plasma NEFA concentrations at 24 to 36 hours of age accounted for 15 percent of the variation in maximum heat production on a per kg of birth weight basis (P <0.01), whereas, inclusion of plasma T3 at 24 to 36 hours of age increased the accountability to 22 percent (P <0.05). Overall these results suggest that having greater lamb birth weights, plasma thyroid hormone, glucose and NEFA concentrations at 24 to 36 hours of age is beneficial for twin- and triplet-born lamb thermoregulation during periods of cold stress.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Kerslake JI and Kenyon PR and Morris ST and Stafford KJ and Morel PCH}
}
@conference {75904,
	title = {The welfare implications of dystocia in sheep and cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {194-197},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {Painful husbandry procedures are routinely performed on farms in New Zealand for various reasons. Tail docking is routinely carried out on sheep to prevent flystrike and on pigs to prevent tail biting. In some countries this procedure is still performed on dairy cows to improve udder hygiene and worker comfort. Castration is commonly performed on lambs and calves to reduce aggressive and sexual behaviours, prevent unwanted breeding, and modify carcass characteristics. Dehorning is performed on cattle to reduce the risk of injury to stock people and other animals and antler removal in deer is carried out for commercial reasons. All of these procedures cause behavioural and physiological changes indicative of pain, but are commonly performed without pain relief on farms. This review will cover the rationale and the behavioural and physiological responses caused by these common husbandry procedures. Possible methods of pain relief or alternative strategies to these procedures will then be discussed as well as the implications for New Zealand and where future research needs to be focussed.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stafford KJ}
}
@conference {69498,
	title = {Do lambs within twin- and triplet-born litter produce different amount of heat during a cold stress event?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {171-174},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Triplet-born lambs have been shown to have lighter birth weights (Morris \& Kenyon, 2004; Kerslake et al., 2005; Everett-Hincks \& Dodds, 2008), lower rectal temperatures (Dwyer \& Morgan, 2006; Stafford et al., 2007), lower plasma fructose (Stafford et al., 2007) and greater plasma lactate concentrations within five minutes of birth (Stafford et al., 2007; J.I. Kerslake, Unpublished data) than twin-born lambs. In addition to this, within a tripletborn litter, the lightest lambs have been shown to have lower rectal temperatures and greater plasma lactate concentrations within five minutes of birth (Stafford et al., 2007; J.I. Kerslake, Unpublished data) than the heaviest lambs. Light birth weights, low rectal temperatures and greater plasma lactate concentrations within five minutes of birth have been used as indices for placental insufficiency, acute intra-partum hypoxemia and inadequate thermogenesis after birth (Barlow et al., 1987; Mellor, 1988).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Kerslake JL and Kenyon PR and Stafford KJ and Morris ST and Morel PCH}
}
@conference {60955,
	title = {The effect of fasting on live weight in hogget wethers and pregnant mature ewes : Brief Communication},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {112-114},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Withholding of food and water, or fasting, of sheep for up to 24 hours is a practice commonly employed in the agricultural industry and research sectors. Farmers routinely fast sheep before shearing, pregnancy scanning and transport. Further, with relatively large numbers of animals involved in some experiments, duration of weighing and manipulation time can vary, which may interfere with a comparison of live weight measurements. The determination of the rate of liveweight loss will allow live weights to be corrected to... Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Burnham DL and Morel PCH and Kenyon PR and Morris ST and Stafford KJ}
}
@conference {41700,
	title = {The effect of Finnish Landrace and Texel ewe and lamb behaviour after tagging on lamb survival to weaning},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {48-54},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {The study was carried out on a commercial New Zealand sheep farm with performance recorded 
straightbred Finnish Landrace and Texel primiparous ewes. The objective of the study was to determine the 
strength of ewe-lamb attachment at tagging by investigating the behaviour of Finn and Texel ewes and their 
lambs and relate those behaviours to survival to weaning. Lamb and ewe behaviour was observed for ten 
minutes after the lambs were ear tagged. Finn ewes took at least twice as long to contact their lambs than 
Texel ewes (P<0.01). There were no breed differences for time of lamb to stand and suck after tagging. Finn 
twin lambs took longer to follow their dam than Texel twin lambs (P<0.01). Ewes with higher Maternal 
Behaviour Score (high MBS favourable) contact their lambs quicker and the lamb stood, sucked and 
followed its moving dam more quickly than lambs of ewes with low MBS (P<0.05). Texel ewes with twins 
had higher low-pitch bleating frequencies than Texel ewes with a single lamb (P<0.01). MBS had a 
significant and positive effect on low-pitch bleating frequency (β=19.3 {\textpm} 3.51 bleats/MBS, P<0.0001). Ewes 
with lower MBS at tagging high-pitch bleated significantly more if their lamb took longer to stand (β=5.25 {\textpm} 
0.65 bleats/minute, P<0.0001). Lamb survival improved3-fold for lambs that sucked their dam (P<0.01) and 
improved nearly 5-fold for lambs that stand, within ten minutes after tagging (P<0.05). Lamb behaviour at 
tagging better explained the variation in lamb survival than the ewe behaviours analysed. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Everett-Hincks JM and Blair HT and Stafford KJ and Lopez-Villalobos N}
}
@conference {41733,
	title = {The use of diazepam as a pharmacological method for evaluating anxiety in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {232-236},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to examine the effects of diazepam, an anti-anxiety drug, on the fear responses of sheep and its usefulness as a pharmacological method to study welfare. Fourteen, eight month old Romney ewes were randomly assigned to two treatments and injected via jugular venepuncture with diazepam (0.37mg/kg) or saline (controls) 20 minutes before exposure to a barking dog. Heart rate (bpm) and escape attempts were recorded throughout a 10 minute period before injection (baseline), 20 minutes post injection and 15 minutes following the dog. Average heart rate was lower in diazepam-treated sheep during the first 5 minutes following injection (P<0.01) and was significantly higher (P<0.01) for both diazepam and saline-treated sheep during the 5 minutes following exposure to the dog compared to baseline (+23.1 and +21.5 bpm for diazepam and saline respectively). Heart rate then decreased back to baseline levels during the last 10 minutes. Diazepam-treated sheep tended to have a higher number of escape attempts during the 5 minutes following exposure to the dog (P=0.08) compared to controls, suggesting that diazepam may have paradoxically increased anxiety in some sheep. The lack of differences between treatments suggests that diazepam did not modify the fear response of sheep to a dog. There appear to be interpretive difficulties associated with dose rates and the appropriate fear model in the use of diazepam to study anxiety in sheep.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stewart M and Webster JR and Dowling SK and Stafford KJ and Huddart FJ}
}
@conference {41940,
	title = {The effect of maternal nutrition during gestation on the reproductive success of female progeny as 2-tooths},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {434-438},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The inter-generational effect of birth rank and nutrition during pregnancy was assessed by examining the reproductive success of female progeny at their first mating at 2 years of age. Fifty-six ewes born as a twin or triplet and whose dam was maintained on 2 or 6 cm sward height from mid-pregnancy to parturition were synchronised and bred to Romney rams. Pregnancy diagnosis was conducted using ultrasound on day 71 from the start of mating (P71). All ewes were maintained as one mob under commercial farming conditions throughout pregnancy. Within 12 hours of birth lambs were ear tagged, weighed and body dimensions (CRL, girth, forelimb and hind limb lengths) were recorded. Lamb live weights were also recorded at day 48 after the mid-point of lambing (L48). Fifty-one ewes lambed of the 56 ewes that were bred. Twin-born ewes had significantly longer gestation lengths (by 1.3 days) than triplet-born ewes. Singleton lambs born to triplet-born ewes were significantly (P<0.05) lighter (4.6 kg) at birth than singleton lambs born to twin-born ewes (5.1 kg). Singleton lambs whose grand-dams were maintained on 2cm pastures during pregnancy and whose dam was born as a twin had significantly (P<0.05) longer hind limbs than their counterparts whose grand dam was maintained on 6 cm and whose dam was born a triplet but they did not differ in birth weight. Dam birth rank and the nutritional treatment of their grand-dam had no significant effect on twin-lamb live weight and body dimensions at birth. These results suggest that selecting triplet ewe lambs for breeding could have detrimental effects on flock productivity. In addition a previous study involving the same animals reported triplet born ewes displayed poorer maternal behaviour. To the authors knowledge this is the first finding of this kind and could have implications for ewe selection on New Zealand farms. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Corner RA and Kenyon PR and Stafford KJ and West DM and Morris ST}
}
@conference {41689,
	title = {The effect of nutrition during pregnancy on the behaviour of adolescent ewes and their lamb(s) within 12 hrs of birth},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {439-443},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {Hogget mating has become more common in recent times as a management strategy to produce additional lambs. The productivity of hogget mating is limited by low lamb birth weights and poor lamb survival. A study has shown that maternal nutrition during pregnancy in hoggets had no effect on the birth weight or survival of lambs. This study investigated the effect of nutrition during pregnancy on the post-parturient behaviour of hogget ewes and their lambs. On day 13 after the mid-point of breeding hogget ewes were stratified by breed and live weight and randomly allocated to one of three feeding regimes: Low (gained 10kg of live weight by parturition), Medium (20kg) and High (30kg). Within 12 hours of birth lambs were ear tagged and the maternal behaviour of hogget ewes was recorded using a maternal behaviour score (MBS) a five point measure of a ewe{\textquoteright}s response to the handling of her lambs. Behavioural observations of the hogget and her lamb(s) were made for 5 minutes after the completion of tagging the lamb. Singleton-bearing hogget ewes fed on the high plane of nutrition had significantly (P<0.05) greater maternal behaviour scores than singleton-bearing hoggets fed on low or medium planes. In the low fed group, significantly (P<0.05) fewer hoggets bleated in response to their lamb (60\%) compared with medium (73\%) and high (85\%) fed hoggets. Of the lambs that bleated, those born to hoggets in the medium fed group bleated significantly (P<0.05) more than lambs born to hoggets in the low or high fed groups. Feeding hogget ewes on a high level of nutrition had a positive impact on hogget and lamb behaviour within 12 hours of birth. A high level of nutrition during pregnancy may result in behaviours that increase survival of lambs born to hogget ewes. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Corner RA and Kenyon PR and Stafford KJ and West DM and Morris ST}
}
@conference {41552,
	title = {The cost of alleviating the pain caused by the castration of beef calves},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {123-126},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {  The pain caused by husbandry procedures such as dehorning or castration is of concern to those with an interest  in animal welfare. In the future farmers will be encouraged and perhaps obliged to provide analgesia for animals  subjected to these procedures. In New Zealand in the last decade veterinarians have developed a service for disbudding  dairy calves using the sedative xylazine and local anaesthesia and this has become popular with some dairy farmers.  This paper reports a financial analysis of the impact to the individual farmer and nationally of using different forms of  analgesia when castrating calves. Four scenarios and their costs were analysed: (1) the status quo ($0.28/calf); (2) the  use of local anaesthesia with increased labour costs ($1.56/calf); (3) the use of local anaesthesia plus systemic analgesia  with increased labour costs ($5.45/calf); and (4) the employment of a veterinarian to do the castration ($9.39/calf).  National costs ranged from $160,000 to $5,368,700 ($10 to $351 per farm) for the four scenarios. The proposed  scenarios were more expensive than the status quo but were still small relative to average total farm costs, i.e. $170,974  on New Zealand sheep and beef farms in 2001-02. These figures do not include any allowance for the cost of the  inconvenience of having to organise husbandry activities around veterinary visits. Farmers may resist the imposition any  of these 3 scenarios. In future the use of analgesics may become standard farm practice.   

},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ and Dooley AE and Smeaton D and McDermott A}
}
@conference {41560,
	title = {Does ewe nutrition during pregnancy affect the metabolism of twin-born lambs?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {163-167},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {An insulin tolerance test was conducted on twin-born ewes born to dams offered sward heights of either 2 or 6 cm between day 64 and 132 of pregnancy in order to identify any alterations in the lamb{\textquoteright}s metabolism. Lambs were also categorised into groups according to birth weight (< 4.0 kg, light and > 4.0 kg, heavy). Changes in metabolism may have long term effects on growth and productivity. An insulin challenge (0.2 U/kg) was administered to ewe lambs at 8 months of age and their plasma insulin, glucose and cortisol responses were monitored. The plasma cortisol concentration of ewe lambs born to ewes offered 2cm sward height was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than ewe lambs born to ewes offered 6 cm sward height 50 minutes after the insulin challenge. No difference was found in the insulin or glucose response to the insulin challenge between dam sward height group (2 vs 6 cm). Birth weight had no effect on the insulin, glucose or cortisol response of the ewe lambs to the insulin challenge. These results show that both dam nutrition and lamb birth weight had little to no effect on the metabolic responses measured. These results suggest that lambs born to ewes offered a herbage sward height of only 2 cm or lambs with low birth weights may not show altered metabolism.
KEYWORDS: lamb; insulin tolerance test; twins; ewe nutrition; metabolism. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Corner RA and Kenyon PR and Stafford KJ and West DM and Oliver MH and Morris ST and Blair HT}
}
@conference {41532,
	title = {Does the ewe nutrition during pregnancy affect the behaviour of ewe lambs at 1 and 2 years of age?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {29-32},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {The effects of the dam{\textquoteright}s nutrition during pregnancy on her lambs{\textquoteright} behaviour in the days after birth has been examined but the longer term effects on lamb behaviour and mothering ability are not known. The behaviour of twin and triplet ewes born to ewes offered herbage with an average sward height of 2 or 6 cm from day 64 to 132 of pregnancy was recorded at 1 year of age in an arena test and at 2 years of age post lambing. A significantly (P < 0.05) greater proportion of the progeny born to dams offered 6 cm sward heights bleated in a high pitch during a 5 minute arena test. However there were no differences in minimum, median and maximum distance of the ewe from the observer or on the frequency of low- and high-pitched bleats. In addition there was no difference in the behaviour of twin- and triplet-born ewes in the arena test. At 2 years of age twin-born ewes had a significantly greater maternal behaviour score than their triplet-born counterparts. Ewe nutrition during pregnancy did not affect the maternal behaviour score of their ewe lambs after lambing at 2 years of age. These results suggest that feeding levels during pregnancy are less important than the birth rank in terms of the intergenerational effects on behaviour.
KEYWORDS: ewe nutrition; lamb; behaviour; twin; triplet. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Corner RA and Kenyon PR and Stafford KJ and West DM and Morris ST and Blair HT}
}
@conference {41475,
	title = {Can we use change in core body temperature to evaluate stress in sheep?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {72-76},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Physical and psychological stressors are known to cause a transient increase in the core body temperature of mammals. We hypothesized that rise in core body temperature could be used to indicate the intensity of stress experienced by sheep. Based on established indices of stress, we ranked five treatments from very low to severe stress as follows: Holding with flock mates, Human presence, Visual isolation, Capture and inversion, and Simulated shearing. Change in core body temperature was measured remotely using thermal sensors placed in the ear canal of the sheep. Maximum change in core body temperature (p=0.08) and the area under the core temperature change curve (p=0.09) allowed differentiation of the least and most stressful treatments: Holding with flock mates and Simulated shearing. The intermediate treatments could not be differentiated using change in ear canal temperature. Therefore, given the levels of statistical significance, our hypothesis that stressors of different intensities could be discriminated by changes in ear canal temperature was only partially supported. Reasons for the inability to discriminate between all treatments include a lack of sensitivity of change in ear canal temperature as an index of stress, high individual variability in responses to stress, and thermal sensor malfunction. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Beausoleil NJ and Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ}
}
@conference {41509,
	title = {The effect of ewe and lamb post-parturient behaviour on lamb survival to weaning: A comparative study of Finns and Texels},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {223-226},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Post parturient behaviours of twinning Finn and Texel ewes and their lambs were monitored under commercial conditions and a relationship sought between this and lamb survival to weaning. Texel lamb survival to weaning was greatest when Texel ewes quickly made contact with their lamb following birth (within 2 minutes) and for lambs that located their dam{\textquoteright}s udder within 30 minutes from birth. Finn lamb survival to weaning was improved when Finn lambs were more vocal after birth, when Finn ewes had higher MBS and when Finn ewes spent a greater proportion of time grooming their lambs. Variation in perinatal behaviour within and across breeds was large and therefore potential exists for improving the ability of the ewe and lamb to bond successfully at parturition by selecting for some of the behaviours identified in this study that encourage lamb survival to weaning. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Everett-Hincks JM and Stafford KJ and Blair HT and Lopez-Villalobos N}
}
@conference {41502,
	title = {The effect of ewe nutrition on maternal behaviour score and litter survival},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {188-191},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Mothering ability was investigated in two breeds of sheep with twin and triplet litters in 2000. The study was carried out on a commercial sheep farm with high reproductive rates gained through intensive selection in its Coopworth flock and the introduction of East Friesian genes by crossbreeding.
East Friesian Coopworth (EFCoop) ewes maintained body condition between pregnancy scanning and lambing whereas Coopworth ewes lost body condition (-0.35 CS). Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (β -OHB) was significantly higher in Coopworth ewes prior to lambing. Coopworth and EFCoop ewes with triplet litters had elevated levels of plasma {\^a}- hydroxybutyrate concentration compared to ewes with twins (0.70 {\textpm} 0.03 vs 0.49 {\textpm} 002, P<0.0001).
Coopworth ewes had higher triplet litter survival rates to tagging (0.86 {\textpm} 0.03) compared with EFCoop ewes (0.68 {\textpm} 0.05) (P<0.001). The maternal behaviour score (MBS) of ewes was determined within 24 hours of birth on the basis of their response to the shepherd tagging their lambs on a 5-point scale from 1 (ewe leaves litter and does not return) to 5 (ewe remains within 1m of her litter). The maternal behaviour score (MBS) was higher in Coopworth ewes (3.6 {\textpm} 0.04) than the EFCoop ewes (3.4 {\textpm} 0.07) and increased with litter size but remained constant for EFCoop ewes regardless of litter size.
The results of this study suggest that ewes that maintain condition in late pregnancy provide a more suitable maternal environment to support their litters. This is increasingly important for triplet litters. This study shows that a ewe that has slightly higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate levels, is not as receptive to the demands of her litter and is sensitive to human interference as indicated by lower MBS. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Everett-Hincks JM and Blair HT and Stafford KJ and Lopez-Villalobos N}
}
@conference {41499,
	title = {Manipulating lamb birth weight and survival rate in singletons born to hoggets},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {175-178},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Lambs born to hoggets tend to be relatively lightweight at birth (Drymundsson, 1973; McMillan \& McDonald, 1983) and display low survival rates to weaning (McCall \& Hight 1981; McMillan \& McDonald, 1983). In addition the incidence of singletons in hoggets often exceeds 92\% (McCall \& Hight, 1981; McMillan \& McDonald, 1983). Therefore management procedures that improve both birth weight and survival of singleton lambs should have a significant effect on returns.
Severe under nutrition during pregnancy of mature ewes can lead to reduced ewe and lamb performance (Rattray 1986), which can negatively affect lamb survival. However to date minimal research under New Zealand{\textquoteright}s pastoral conditions has been undertaken in hoggets. In contrast to the mature ewe, it is also advantageous for the hogget to be increasing in conceptus-free live weight during pregnancy if lifetime performance is not to be negatively affected. Interestingly, under concentrate feeding regimes in the United Kingdom it has been reported that a high level of hogget nutrition in pregnancy, actually reduces both lamb birth weight and survival (Wallace et al., 1996).
Shearing mature ewes in mid- to late-pregnancy has been shown to differentially increase singleton- (Morris et al., 2000; Kenyon et al., 2002a) and twin-lamb birth weights (Morris \& McCutcheon, 1997; Morris et al., 1999; Kenyon et al., 2002b). Mid-pregnancy shearing has tended to increase twin-lamb survival rates (Morris et al., 1999; Kenyon et al., 2002b) but has been found to decrease singleton survival rates in one of four studies (Kenyon 2002). The effect of mid- to late-pregnancy shearing of hoggets has not been examined under pastoral conditions in New Zealand. Due to the low rate of twin pregnancies in hogget{\textquoteright}s the chance of achieving a positive affect from mid-pregnancy shearing on both a lamb birth weight and survival may be low.
The aims of these studies were to determine if hogget live weight change and shearing treatment during pregnancy could be used to manipulate singleton lamb birth weight and survival. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Kenyon PR and Morris ST and West DM and Stafford KJ and Corner RA and Ottema K and Burnham DL}
}
@conference {41390,
	title = {Analgesia for velvet antler removal},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {372-375},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {This paper briefly reviews methods for analgesia of the velvet antler. Injection of 2\% lignocaine hydrochloride (L) provides the most rapid and repeatable analgesia when given as a "high" dose ring block (1 ml/cm pedicle circumference). A "low site" regional nerve block has a long latency and low repeatability while a "high site" regional block also has a long latency but gives more repeatable analgesia after 4 minutes. Comparison of the dynamics of the alternative local anaesthetics showed L to have a mean analgesia onset time of 31 seconds and duration of 88 minutes. Mepivacaine (M) had a similar onset time, but a duration of 270 minutes, while two formulations of bupivacaine (B) had onset times averaging 48 and 87 seconds, and duration 270 and 460 minutes, respectively. Combinations of L+M, L+B and M+B had onset times equivalent to the most rapidly-acting component and duration equivalent to the longest-acting component. Electronic analgesia provides insufficient and non-repeatable analgesia and its application is a noxious stimulus in itself. Compression bands are approved in yearling stags in New Zealand. The effectiveness and possible aversiveness of high pressure compression bands on adult stags is under investigation. Pain and its control after antler removal, are yet to be studied comprehensively. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Wilson PR and Bartels MM and Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ}
}
@conference {41387,
	title = {Analgesics: what use are they in farm animals?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {359-362},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>The use of analgesic drugs in veterinary practice is increasing, particularly in companion animals. However, farm animals often suffer from conditions (such as foot rot), or are subjected to operations (such as dehorning), which are likely to be painful. Assessment of pain in farm animals can present difficulties and analgesic drugs have not been investigated in any systematic way. Most assessment of analgesic drugs in ruminants has been carried out using experimental models of pain rather than clinical cases. Some indications for analgesics are obvious, such as castration and dehorning. Others are not so obvious, such as mastitis, which is very painful in women, and presumably in cows. Animals in pain are likely to be less productive and there is good evidence that chronic pain will change an animal{\textquoteleft}s metabolism adversely. Valid reasons for not using analgesics include cost and concerns about residues, which ultimately also means cost. There are several different classes of analgesics, with different attributes. Local anaesthetics are cheap, but short acting. Residues in food have not been an issue in the past, but concerns have been raised in Europe about some metabolites being carcinogenic. Morphine-type drugs are cheap, but less effective in ruminants than other species, are likely to cause residues in food and are strictly controlled by law. Adrenergic alpha-2 agonists are effective, but also cause sedation. Residues can be managed by relatively short withholding times. Probably the most effective analgesics for ruminants are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ketoprofen. These have long withholding times for meat, but zero for milk.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Chambers JP and Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ}
}
@conference {41386,
	title = {Monitoring pain in animals using behaviour},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {355-358},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The behaviour of an animal is used to identify and evaluate pain. However, simple active behaviours may not be sufficient for these purposes. Several different scales and experimental protocols have been developed for use in clinical and experimental circumstances. The use of control groups and different analgesic treatments has allowed the identification of behaviours related to particular painful stimuli. Pain threshold monitoring, self-administered analgesic trials and choice tests are furthering our understanding of an animal{\textquoteleft}s response to painful stimuli and procedures. These protocols combined with physiological, immunological and production indices are allowing for a better understanding of the effects of painful stimuli on animals. However, the interpretation of behaviour remains difficult and evaluating pain in a non-human species remains controversial. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ}
}
@conference {41385,
	title = {Physiological indices of pain-induced distress},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {351-354},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>To date, most assessments of the pain and distress caused by dehorning of calves and castration plus tail docking of lambs have employed changes in plasma cortisol concentrations. Although this approach can aid selection of the most appropriate methods in animal welfare terms, the use of cortisol as the sole physiological index allows conclusions to be drawn only about those features of acute responses to treatment which are reflected in plasma cortisol concentrations. Accordingly, in addition to the well-established cortisol responses to these treatments, that last hours, we now report on adrenaline responses that last minutes, and noradrenaline responses with an intermediate duration are described. Blood pressure, heart rate, adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol responses to ring castration plus tail docking of lambs are described, and their relative sensitivity as indices of low-grade pain as the acute responses to treatment wane are considered.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Mellor DJ and Stafford KJ}
}
@conference {41205,
	title = {Behaviour response of calves to amputation dehorning with or without local anaesthesia},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {234-236},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {This study tested the hypothesis that the expression of some specific behaviours of calves following amputation dehorning is modified by use of local anaesthesia such that their behaviour is similar to calves which were not dehorned, during the period of action of local anaesthesia. The hypothesis was not supported and the behaviour of calves given local anaesthesia was similar to animals dehorned without anaesthesia during the two hours after amputation dehorning and not similar toanimals which were not dehorned. It is possible that the behaviours which were monitored (feeding, rumination, grooming,lying down, ear-flicks, head-shakes, tail-shakes) were not relevant to the pain experienced by calves after dehorning.However, there were significant differences between the behaviour of control animals and those that were dehorned. Thephysical change caused by dehorning and the bleeding that occur afterwards may influence these behaviours so that the additional effect of the pain caused by amputation does not modify it further.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ and Ward RN and Cann B}
}
@conference {41204,
	title = {Short-term physiological effects of refeeding 5 to 10-day-old calves after fasting and transport},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {230-233},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The short-term physiological responses of 5 to 10-day-old calves to refeeding after 30 hours without food and up to 12 hours of transport were assessed by monitoring packed cell volume and plasma concentrations of total protein, glucose, triglycerides, urea and lactate. Samples were taken immediately before refeeding after three and 12 hours of transport and at the end of 30 hours without food, and in each case three hours later. Refeeding after fasting caused replenishment of plasma glucose concentrations to control levels and in some cases beyond. It was suggested that the overshoot in glucose concentrations, when it occurred, may have been caused by a temporary increase in insulin resistance as a result of metabolic adaptation to starvation. Refeeding after 12 hours transport also resulted in increased glucose concentrations. Thus, refeeding after transport and starvation was beneficial to the calves as it enabled rapid replenishment of depleted energy reserves. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Todd SE and Mellor DJ and Stafford KJ and Gregory NG and Bruce RA and Ward RN}
}
@conference {41101,
	title = {Attempted Transmission of Brucella ovis between stags and from stags to rams},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {134-136},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {In August 1997 three 9-month-old Red x Wapiti stags were inoculated intravenously with Brucella ovis. Between October 1997 and June 1998 these three stags were grazed with 8 control stags of a similar age and 10 one-year-old Perendale rams, which had been confirmed free from B. ovis infection before mixing. At monthly intervals the 11 stags and 10 rams were blood sampled for B. ovis serology and when infection was suspected, this was confirmed by bacterial culture of a semen sample. Two of the three artificially infected stags became persistently infected with B. ovis and shed the organism in their semen. They remained positive to the B. ovis complement fixation (CF) serological test throughout the trial. The CF titre fell below the positive cut-off level 4 months after inoculation in the other artificially infected stag which did not develop persistent B. ovis infection. During April and May 1998, 7 months after mixing with the artificially infected animals, B. ovis infection was identified in 4 of the 8 control stags. There was no evidence of B. ovis transmission to the control rams. The trial demonstrated the rapid transmission of B. ovis infection between young stags during the rut. This would suggest that sexual activity is important for B. ovis to spread, although the exact means of transmission could not be determined. Rams grazed in conjunction with B. ovis - infected stags have a lower risk of becoming infected. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {West DM and Stafford KJ and Sargison ND and Fenwick SG and Reichel MP}
}
@conference {40667,
	title = {The behaviour of calves tail docked with a rubber ring used with or without local anaesthesia},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {58-60},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride in blood plasma  were compared in two genetically distinct herds of Angus cattle. Any   concentration differences between the herds should indicate a realised  genetic response to selection for yearling weight.    Seventy-four yearling Angus cattle from the Waikite weight selection and   control herds were blood sampled after a 24-h fast in July, September and   November 1993 (heifers twice, bulls three times; n=178 samples). Plasma   cholesterol concentrations averaged 2.73 and 2.91 (s.e.d. 0.08) mmol/l in the   two herds, respectively (P<0.05), and triglyceride concentrations averaged   0.296 and 0.316 (s.e.d. 0.015) mmol/l, respectively. There was a 30kg   (14\%) difference in yearling live weight between the two herds (P.001).   Both metabolites showed moderate between-animal repeatabilities,  0.52+0.11 and 0.37+0.16 respectively, and there was a positive phenotypic  correlation of 0.40 between cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations  within herds.    These results show that a 14\% higher weight-for-age as a result of selection   was associated with a 6\% lower plasma cholesterol concentration. This was   consistent with our previously observed cholesterol difference in cooked beef   from the same herds.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Petrie NJ and Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ and Bruce RA and Ward RN}
}
@conference {40701,
	title = {Nutritive value of chicory (Cichorium intybus L) for venison production},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {169-173},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Results from farmlet studies indicated that anthelmintic treatment of  ewes during pregnancy virtually eliminated ewe parasite faecal egg counts  and lead to significantly higher lamb weaning weights. The objective of this  study was to develop strategies to enable the rearing of lambs within minimal  anthelmintic administration.   There were four farmlets, with paired units on dry and irrigated land (5 and  6.4 ha respectively) with mixed aged flocks of 60 or 80 ewes respectively.   One flock on each pair of farmlets, termed treated flock, were treated with a  continuous anthelmintic release bolus in March prior to mating and again  100 days later in June. The control flock of each pair was given an oral  anthelmintic post-lambing in line with local farmer practice.   In March of both years faecal egg counts (FEC) were similar for all flocks  and averaged between 40 and 160 eggs per gram (peg). For bolus treated  flocks average FEC declined to 0 after treatment and remained below 32 peg  until September. In contrast the control flocks had significantly higher  (P<0.001) egg counts at levels of 50 to 600 epg throughout winter, but  exhibited the classic periparturient peak in 1993 only. From October all  flocks had similar FEC},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Kusmartono and Barry TN and Wilson PR and Kemp PD and Stafford KJ}
}
@conference {40486,
	title = {Castration, tail docking and dehorning - What are the constraints?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {189-196},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Three experiments were undertaken to investigate the possibility that forages containing condensed tannins (CT) may affect nematode parasite burdens and their significance in lambs. In the first trial, lambs were infected with a single dose of 15000 Ostertagia circumcincta and 15000 Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective lavae. Those fed Lotus pedunculatus with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG) had lower faecal egg counts, higher liveweight gains and higher faecal dry matters than lambs fed ryegrass with or without PEG (P<0.05). In the second experiment, lambs with a low, mixed natural worm burden were grazed on sulla (Hedysarium coronarium), a CT containing legume, or lucerne, for 28 days. Lambs drenched with anthelmintic and fed sulla grew faster than those fed lucerne (321 v 215 g/day P<0.05) whilst undrenched lambs had similar growth rates on both species (250 v 220 g/day). In the third experiment, heavily parasitized lambs sired by rams selected for low faecal egg count (resistant) or conventional rams (non-resistant) were grazed on lucerne or sulla for 28 days. When anthelmintic drenches were withheld, the non- resistant sired lambs grew faster on sulla than lucerne (231 v 28 g/day; P<0.0001), as did the resistant sired lambs (181 v 72 g/day; P<0.001) respectively. Drenched non-resistant sired lambs grew faster on the sulla than on lucerne and faster than the resistant sired lambs. These results suggest that forages containing condensed tannins may have an important role to play in developing lamb production systems with less reliance on anthelmintic use for parasite control.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ}
}
