@article {3672,
	title = {Impact of trait genetic gains on methane emissions from NZ beef and dairy farms},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {76-79},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to provide estimates of the impact of trait genetic gains on methane emissions from NZ dairy and
beef farms. The effect of each trait on gross emissions (GE) and emissions intensity (EI) was modelled by estimating effects of trait
changes on per-animal feed consumption and the associated methane production, per-animal production and numbers of animals in
the system. In dairy, the annual gross emissions per breeding cow associated with genetic change were estimated to increase for all
traits except Residual Survival and Fertility. Conversely, emission intensity values were estimated to decrease for Milk Fat, Milk
Protein, Milk Solids, Residual Survival, Fertility and Body-condition Score (BCS) as genetic merit improves. In beef production,
increases in genetic merit for cow mature weight, cow BCS, cow calving ease and heifer pregnancy were estimated to increase the
annual gross emissions per breeding cow. Conversely, an increase in merit associated with stayability and gestation length reduced
annual gross emissions per breeding cow. The effect of increasing carcase weight on gross emissions depended on whether the
faster growth performance was used to slaughter the animal earlier, or to take the animal through to heavier finishing weights.

Keywords: methane; emissions intensity; gross emissions; dairy; beef},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Proctor LE and Archer JA and Sise JA and Zhang X and Crowley JJ and Amer PR}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Relationship between body condition score and pregnancy rates following artificial insemination and subsequent natural mating in beef cows on commercial farms in New Zealand},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {14-20},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {Body condition scoring is an efficient on-farm visual-assessment tool used to describe the energy reserves of animals. Cow body
condition score (BCS) at crucial time points throughout the year is likely to influence reproductive performance. The aim of this
experiment was to examine the influence of BCS before calving, before mating and at weaning on reproductive performance of
mature beef cows. Percentage of cows conceiving to a single artificial insemination (AI) at a synchronised oestrus and pregnancy
rate after 49 days of mating were determined for a total of 2,683 individual cows. Cows with a greater than average BCS had
greater pregnancy rate to AI than did those with low BCS (P<0.001). The percentage of animals conceiving to AI was on average
54.8\% but was lower at 42.5\% for pre-mating BCS 4.5 or greater at 64.5\% for BCS 9.0 (P<0.001). Cows had greater overall
pregnancy rate after 49 days of mating with greater BCS; ranging from 88.3\%, 75.7\% and 79.7\% for BCS 4.5 before calving,
before mating and at weaning, respectively, to 93.5\%, 93.3\% and 93.3\% for BCS 8.0 at the same time points. Increasing BCS up
to 7 is likely to improve overall pregnancy rate, and most benefit tends to come from improving BCS in lower-conditioned cows
to achieve high pregnancy results.

Keywords: beef cows; BCS; reproductive performance; pregnancy rate; artificial insemination},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Weik F and Archer JA and Morris ST and Garrick DJ and Hickson RE}
}
@conference {3678,
	title = {Design and implementation of the Deer Progeny Test (DPT)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {220-225},
	address = {Napier},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ward JF and Archer JA and Asher GW and Everett-Hincks JM and Mathias-Davis HC}
}
@conference {69522,
	title = {Can ultrasound eye muscle area scanning be used in the New Zealand deer industry?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {275-277},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The New Zealand Deer Industry Productivity Strategy 2009-2014 (Deer Industry New Zealand, 2009) aims to increase deercarcass weight by 10\% and introduce a carcass yield module to their performance recording database DEERSelect. In other livestock species real-time ultrasonography offers a non-invasive, non-destructive, standardised muscle measurement on live breeding stock (Faulkner et al.,1990). Ultrasound scanning allows eye muscle (M. longissimus dorsi)dimensions and cross-sectional area to be recorded as traits for genetic evaluation in the Sheep (SIL) and Beef (BREEDPLAN) performance recording databases.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ward JF and Archer JA and Farmer RJ and Sweetman MF and Nicoll GB and JV Yuan}
}
@conference {69501,
	title = {Marbling produced in yearling heifers of Angus origin finished over a medium-term period on a high energy pasture},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {183-188},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {This study provides baseline information on the level of marbling that can be produced from yearling heifers of Angus origin when finished over a medium-term, 169 day, period on a high energy pasture. Two groups of heifers were tested, which included 30 Angus x Jersey heifers and 26 straight-bred and cross-bred (mainly Hereford x and Friesian x) Angus heifers. The daily live weight gain of the heifers during finishing averaged 788 g/d and did not differ between the two groups of heifers studied (P >0.05). At slaughter, the carcass weights of the Angus x Jersey heifers were lighter than the group of straight-bred and cross-bred Angus heifers (P <0.05). Nevertheless, both groups produced average striploin marbling scores of 2 on the Japanese Meat Grading Association 12 point scale (P >0.05), with 39\% of the cattle achieving scores >=2. The high level of variability in marbling across both groups of heifers indicated that the average level of marbling achieved could be further improved by using some predictor of marbling performance to select animals to be finished in the pasture-based system. All of the heifers produced very tender beef with average shear force values <5 kg F.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Wall AJ and Rosenvold K and Archer JA and Dobbie P and Scott I and Stevens DR and Littlejohn RP}
}
@conference {69458,
	title = {Role of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production in fostering collaboration},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {1-2},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>When you sign up for a year as President of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, you should make an attempt to understand who the Society really is, and how the members are best served by the Society. If you go back through previous Presidential Addresses some recurring themes come up around this issue of who is the Society Membership and what should the Society be doing to best serve the membership? The fact that we frequently re-visit this question shows that it is pertinent. It also proves the words of Abraham Lincoln true when he said <em>{\textquotedblleft}Books serve to show a man that those original thoughts of his aren{\textquoteright}t very new at all{\textquotedblright}</em></p>
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Archer JA}
}
@conference {42075,
	title = {Carcass and meat quality characteristics in young deer stags of different growth rates},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {174-177},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Fourteen male yearling red deer from the same cohort were included in this study. Seven of these animals were fast growing and reached slaughter live weight in late June (fast growing group), while the second group of seven deer did not reach slaughter live weight until early December (slower growing group). All animals were slaughtered according to standard protocol. Carcass composition was determined by computed tomography scanning. Water-holding capacity, meat pH, tenderness and sarcomere length were measured in samples (M. longissimus) at 1 day post slaughter and in samples kept in chilled storage at -1.5 {\textdegree}C for three weeks. Eating quality of the meat was evaluated in consumer preference tests. Slower growing deer were heavier (P = 0.02) and had more fat in the shoulder (P = 0.01) and loin (P = 0.001) cuts than fast growing deer. Meat from fast growing deer had lower pH values (P = 0.01), lower cooking loss (P = 0.04) and longer sarcomere lengths (P = 0.002) than slower growing deer. Consumers judged the flavour of venison from fast growing deer to be best (P = 0.005), although interactions between the sensory attributes and the consumer{\textquoteleft}s experience of venison affected their assessment. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Wiklund E and Asher GW and Archer JA and Ward JF and Littlejohn RP}
}
@conference {41821,
	title = {Does calf genotype influence milk yield of red deer hinds ?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {170-171},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {New Zealand deer farming systems utilise Cervus elaphus subspecies and crossing genotypes is a common tool to gain a productive advantage. One of the most common crosses is that of a stag with a high content of North American Wapiti (C. e. manitobensis, nelsoni, roosevelti) over the traditional New Zealand (NZ) red hind of English or Scottish origin (C. e. scoticus) for venison production, with on the aim of attaining slaughter live weight ...Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ward JF and Archer JA and Asher GW and Barrell GK and Littlejohn RP}
}
@conference {41786,
	title = {Energy rather than protein content of hind intake determines growth rate of reed deer calves},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {45-46},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Live weight gain of red deer within the first 3 to 4 months of their life plays a major part in determining the efficiency of venison production systems. Over this period young deer are largely dependant on their dam for nutrition. It is often difficult to achieve growth rates greater than 400 g/d in New Zealand because red deer lactation coincides with deteriorating pasture quality. However, calf growth rates of up to 700 g/day have been achieved over late lactation when },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Scott IC and Archer JA and Asher GW and Stevens DR and Ward JF and Littlejohn RP and Lach JE}
}
@conference {42074,
	title = {Genetic parameters for growth in Wapiti deer farmed in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {172-173},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {The New Zealand deer industry commonly uses "Wapiti" type deer as terminal sires mated to "red" hinds in venison production systems. The terms "Elk" and "Wapiti" are commonly used almost interchangeably in the New Zealand deer industry to describe subspecies of red deer originating in North America (Cervus elaphus subspecies manitobensis, roosevelti and nelsoni). These subspecies are approximately twice the mature body size of "red" deer ...Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Archer JA and Ward JF and Fisher PJ and Glass BC}
}
@conference {41986,
	title = {Comparison of suckling frequency of red and F1 wapiti-red calves reared on red hinds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {237-241},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {In New Zealand venison production systems crossbreeding red hinds with wapiti stags is very common. The resultant wapiti-red crossbred offspring is a larger, fastergrowing animal than its red counterpart. How do these crossbred progeny grow faster on a red hind? We hypothesised that the crossbred progeny would have increased milk intakes, which would be reflected in increased suckling of their red hind dams. A pasture based lactation experiment was conducted over the {\textquoteright}natural{\textquoteright} (non-weaned) suckling period (birth Nov/Dec. to Sep.) with F1 wapiti-red crossbred single and twin calves (n=11) naturally reared by red hinds (n=9), and red calves (n=8) naturally reared by red hinds (n=8). Suckling behaviour was observed at least one day per month between dawn and dusk. Suckling bout frequency, duration and time of day were recorded for all calves and any allosuckling was also noted. We found no significant differences (p >0.05) in suckling bout time, frequency or total time spent suckling between red or wapiti crossbred offspring. The only confirmed allosuckling was between individuals from different sets of twins. The F1 wapiti-red crossbred offspring were 30\% heavier, with growth rates up to 39\% greater than their red cohorts. These results have interesting implications for the red hind crossbred calf venison production system; do the wapitired crossbred calves consume more milk? If so how do they influence the hind{\textquoteright}s milk production? Do they consume more pasture and/or substitute it for milk? Better understanding of these factors should help increase calf growth rates during lactation.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ward JF and Archer JA and O{\textquoteright}Neill KT and Littlejohn RP}
}
@conference {41707,
	title = {Genetic technologies for deer breeding},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {91-94},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {The deer industry has made significant progress in developing and applying genetic tools to accelerate genetic gain. This paper briefly outlines the application of current tools (DNA parentage, DNA breed composition and genetic evaluation for growth and velvet), and then suggests a range of other tools which might be used in deer breeding in the future and makes brief comment as to their application. These tools include: genetic evaluation of a wider range of traits; economic indices, mate allocation software, breeding program diagnostic software, enhanced breed composition tests, single gene tests and whole genome selection.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Archer JA and McEwan JC and Hall R}
}
@conference {41705,
	title = {New perspectives on deer reproduction , growth and production efficiency},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {78-81},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {Reproduction and growth intersect during lactation. Lactation is the period when the initial productivity of the calf is expressed and much ofthe potential production efficiency is set. Examples of recent advances in our understanding of productivity systems in deer farming are summarised. Experimentation in lactation has highlighted new information that can improve on-farm production. Recent research has given an understanding of the lactational outputs of the hind rearing either a red or F1 wapiti crossbred calf. Further experimentation has examined the role of protein and energy in determining calf growth. Other research has quantified both hind and calf intake and live weight change during late lactation. The impacts of these developments are discussed.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stevens DR and Asher GW and Archer JA and Scott IC and Ward JF and O{\textquoteright}Neill KT and Corson ID}
}
@conference {41973,
	title = {Prospects for genome wide selection in the New Zealand livestock industries},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {162-168},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {A number of DNA marker applications aid genetic selection within subpopulations of New Zealand{\textquoteright}s livestock farming industries. Advances in genomic tools have opened the possibility of genotyping individuals for a large set of markers, enough to have a large proportion of the genome {\textquoteleft}tagged{\textquoteright} with at least one of these markers. This creates opportunities for genome wide selection (GWS) {\textendash} the selection of breeding animals based on very large numbers of marker genotypes. There are a number of requirements for GWS to work, including the existence of genotyping technology to provide genotypes at a sufficient density, tractable statistical methods for estimating marker  effects to use in prediction models and suitably phenotyped populations which when genotyped allow estimation of relationships between markers and traits. Additional phenotyped populations are required to validate their predictive ability and demonstrate economic benefits to breeders and to the commercial tier. A high density genotyping platform is available for cattle, but may need further developments. Plans are underway for a similar platform for sheep, but not for deer. The dairy industry is well placed to implement GWS, as there is a large bank of DNA samples of industry sires representing most of the genome variation present. Genotyping these animals will allow marker effects to be estimated and the reduced generation interval arising from selecting young sires should easily overcome any decrease in selection accuracy compared with progeny testing. Industry structures are likely to evolve to allow a return to entities undertaking GWS. GWS will be mostbeneficial for traits with low heritability, that cannot be measured on selected parents and/or that are expensive to measure. Genes of known effect may continue to be accounted for individually, particularly if they exhibit non-additive effects.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Dodds KG and Amer PR and Spelman RJ and Archer JA and Auvray B}
}
@conference {41849,
	title = {Research support for new uses and improved production of deer velvet},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {345-351},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Deer velvet is a novel agricultural product and has presented the New Zealand (NZ) agricultural and food sectors with a number of opportunities. When the velvet industry emerged in the early 1970s, almost the entire product was exported to the traditional oriental medicine markets, which remain the basis of the deer velvet industry in NZ. This market did not require scientific validation of efficacy as the health promoting effects of velvet were accepted. However, as this is a mature market there is interest in growing new business, notably the Western dietary supplement market. This requires new knowledge on health benefits as potential purchasers have no initial product knowledge. We have conducted research to investigate whether or not deer velvet will help promote health. We chose to look for a verifiable benefit to athletes as the athletic market would be less likely to be price sensitive than other sectors. We also investigated the application of specific velvet extracts as topical agents to promote healing of open wounds, based on their ability to promote the growth of blood vessels (angiogenesis). This paper discusses the research that set out to demonstrate velvet efficacy and quality and describes research on nutrition and breeding designed to increase velvet quality and quantity.
KEYWORDS: deer; velvet; antlers; production; quality; wound healing; dietary supplement; health benefits. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Suttie JM and Haines SR and Clark DE and Archer JA and O{\textquoteright}Connor M and Broeder CE and Corson ID}
}
@conference {41468,
	title = {Red deer as a novel ruminant model for nutritional and genetic influences on maternal expression of foetal and neonatal growth},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {39-42},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The red deer species (Cervus elaphus) is represented by morphologically disparate subspecies that freely crossbreed. All are highly seasonal breeders adapted to cold-temperate climates characterised by extreme annual oscillations in temperature and feed availability. Calves are born in summer following relatively long average gestation lengths of 234{\textendash}250 days (depending on subspecies), with >70\% of pregnancy mass acquired over spring/early summer.
The ability of the smaller red deer hind (100 kg) to successfully gestate, birth and rear crossbred (e.g. wapiti x red deer) progeny of 40\% increased foetal and post-natal growth potential is quite remarkable, and raises numerous questions about mechanisms of maternal and foetal control of reproductive processes. Recent research on moderate variations in late gestational nutrition to red deer hinds gestating red deer foetuses has revealed an interesting phenomenon in which nutritional influences on foetal growth trajectory appears to influence gestation length to ensure optimisation of birth weight (and, hence, neonate survival). This is quite contrary to expectations for sheep and cattle, but may have parallels amongst other wild ruminant species. Interestingly, hinds gestating crossbred (wapiti x red deer) foetuses of greatly increased growth potential appear unable to adopt such compensatory mechanisms, with hind under-nutrition leading to reduced birth weight relative to ad-libitum fed controls. These observations hint at some interesting and useful future research on mechanisms of maternal and foetal growth control in red deer. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Asher GW and Archer JA and Stevens DR}
}
@conference {41447,
	title = {Genetic improvement of red deer},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {233-236},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {Deer breeding has made significant progress in a relatively short time. However, opportunities exist to make further advances in several areas. Development and implementation of across-herd breeding value analyses could significantly benefit the deer industry through providing opportunity to accelerate rates of genetic gain, and by providing commercial stag purchasers with objective information on which to base stag selection. This will require the development of standard recording protocols and a central performance database, but the technical issues surrounding this are solvable and suitable models exist in other livestock industries. With changing composition of industry returns, deer farmers and breeders might re-evaluate whether they are best served by selection for specialist velvet and venison lines, or whether a dual-purpose animal remains the best option. There may also be value in broadening the traits objectively described to include aspects of venison production other than growth. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Archer JA}
}
