@article {3672,
	title = {Genetic parameters for urination traits and their relationships with production traits of dairy cattle grazing temperate ryegrass and white-clover pastures},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {153-158},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to quantify genetic parameters of daily urination traits; urinary nitrogen (UN), urination volume (Uvol), urination number (Unum), average UN concentration (UNconc) and volume per urination event (VolEvent) including their genetic correlations with milk urea nitrogen concentration (MUN) and other production traits in New Zealand dairy cattle. Heritability estimates for urination traits measured on four consecutive days ranged from 0.17 to 0.35. Repeatability estimates ranged from 0.31 to 0.58, indicating that reliable prediction of urination measures would benefit from repeated measurement over a number of days. The heritability estimate for MUN was 0.29, similar to reports in the literature, whilst the estimate of repeatability (0.73) was greater than previously published values. Estimates of the genetic correlations between MUN and urination traits ranged from -0.39 to 0.41, however, due to the small number of animals in the current study, the confidence intervals were wide. The low genetic correlations may result from variation in voluntary feed intake from cow to cow that is a feature of pasture-based grazing systems. The results suggest that urination traits may be changed through selection. The low estimates of genetic correlations between MUN and urination traits suggest that MUN may not be a useful estimator of individual UN excretion in pasture-fed dairy cattle.


Keywords: urine traits; milk urea},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Handcock RC and Box LA and Glassey C and Garrick DJ}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Genome-wide association study of UV-protectant ambilateral circumocular pigmentation in Hereford cattle},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2022},
	pages = {39-44},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {Hereford cattle have a dominantly inherited white face that is characteristic of their breed. A small proportion of Hereford cattle present with regions of pigmentation around the eyes, known as ambilateral circumocular pigmentation (ACOP), which is hypothesised to provide UV-protectant properties to the underlying tissue. ACOP has been associated with reduced incidence of two diseases, bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma, and bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis, making it a desirable trait for selection. We conducted a genome-wide association study for ACOP in 605 American Hereford cattle using 43,789 genetic markers, and investigated the phenotypic association between face-colour and ACOP. The most highly associated variant from our genome-wide association study mapped to Chr6 g.71059814G>A and explains most of the variation for this trait. This variant falls in close proximity to the well-known coat-colour patterning gene KIT, suggesting it may be the causal gene for this trait. Our results suggest that ACOP is not directly influenced by face-colour, and may be influenced by non-additive genetic effects. These results provide an opportunity to select for Hereford cattle with ACOP, enhancing welfare, and reducing the incidence of bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis and bovine ocular squamous-cell carcinoma.


Keywords: Hereford cattle; ambilateral circumocular pigmentation; ocular squamous cell carcinoma; infectious keratoconjunctivitis; GWAS; pigmentation traits},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Jivanjia S and Koscha T and Littlejohn M and Garrick DJ}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Relationship between body condition score and pregnancy rates following artificial insemination and subsequent natural mating in beef cows on commercial farms in New Zealand},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {14-20},
	address = {Online},
	abstract = {Body condition scoring is an efficient on-farm visual-assessment tool used to describe the energy reserves of animals. Cow body
condition score (BCS) at crucial time points throughout the year is likely to influence reproductive performance. The aim of this
experiment was to examine the influence of BCS before calving, before mating and at weaning on reproductive performance of
mature beef cows. Percentage of cows conceiving to a single artificial insemination (AI) at a synchronised oestrus and pregnancy
rate after 49 days of mating were determined for a total of 2,683 individual cows. Cows with a greater than average BCS had
greater pregnancy rate to AI than did those with low BCS (P<0.001). The percentage of animals conceiving to AI was on average
54.8\% but was lower at 42.5\% for pre-mating BCS 4.5 or greater at 64.5\% for BCS 9.0 (P<0.001). Cows had greater overall
pregnancy rate after 49 days of mating with greater BCS; ranging from 88.3\%, 75.7\% and 79.7\% for BCS 4.5 before calving,
before mating and at weaning, respectively, to 93.5\%, 93.3\% and 93.3\% for BCS 8.0 at the same time points. Increasing BCS up
to 7 is likely to improve overall pregnancy rate, and most benefit tends to come from improving BCS in lower-conditioned cows
to achieve high pregnancy results.

Keywords: beef cows; BCS; reproductive performance; pregnancy rate; artificial insemination},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Weik F and Archer JA and Morris ST and Garrick DJ and Hickson RE}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Associations of body condition score and change in body condition score with lamb production in New Zealand Romney ewes},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {91-94},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Body condition score (BCS) is an on-farm subjective measurement used to inform feed management decisions in sheep. This study determined the associations of BCS and changes in BCS on production. Ewe BCS was recorded four times annually in a flock of 2534 Romney ewes aged one-five, first bred at eight-months of age. Production was measured as the number of fetuses scanned (NLS), number of lambs weaned (NLW), average weight of lambs weaned (WWT) and total weight of lamb weaned (TLW). Ewe BCS was greatest at lambing and lowest at weaning. At pregnancy scanning (at an average of 75 days of pregnancy),  two weeks prior to lambing, and at weaning, BCS >=4.5 was associated with the lowest NLS and NLW, but the greatest WWT. Ewes with a BCS <=2.5 at weaning were associated with the greatest TLW, suggesting these ewes had utilised their stored body fat to achieve high milk yields. Ewes that decreased BCS between lambing and weaning produced greater (P<0.05) TLW compared with ewes which maintained or gained BCS indicating their body reserves were acting as a buffer for milk production. The results of the current study showed that there was an effect of BCS on NLS, NLW, WWT and TLW. The change in BCS from scanning to weaning is an important determinate of NLW, WWT and TLW. A further study with more focus on the change in BCS is, therefore, warranted.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Tait IM and Kenyon PR and Garrick DJ and Lopez-villalobos N and Pleasants AB and Hickson RE}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Meat quality of light-weight, yearling steers of dairy origin},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {156-158},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Loline, an alkaloid produced by Neotyphodium endophytes in pastoral grass species with potential antimicrobial properties, has several known derivatives; N-formyl loline (NFL), N-acetyl loline (NAL), N-acetyl norloline (NANL), N-methyl loline (NML), and loline base, though the availability and form during rumen fermentation and digestion is unclear. Festuca pratensis seeds either with (LOL) or without (NIL) lolines (150-200 {\textmu}g/mL) were incubated in either sterile or viable rumen fluid or in either HCL/pepsin (pH 2) or water (pH 7). At 72 hours LOL in sterile rumen fluid had 23\%, 26\%, and 45\% more NFL (P=0.05), NANL (P=0.04), and loline base (P=0.01) respectively, with 27\% more total loline present (P=0.06), and 65\% more NML (P=0.09) compared with LOL in viable rumen fluid. Loline tended to alter the fermentation pattern as NIL produced 11\% more ammonia (P=0.07), and 5\% less propionate (P=0.06) than LOL. In HCL/pepsin there were 38\%, 49\%, and 39\% more total lolines (P=0.05), NANL (P=0.02), and NFL (P=0.04) respectively, compared with water. Rumen and abomasal digestion appear to have a small effect on loline{\textquoteright}s form and concentration with only slight alteration to the rumen fermentation pattern. Presence of lolines had little evidence of an antimicrobial effect.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Pike SJ and Schreurs NM and Hickson RE and Hunt JJ and Kenyon PR and Garrick DJ and Blair HT and Morris ST}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Relative cost of producing carcasses from dairy-origin steers slaughtered at 8 {\textendash} 12 months of age in New Zealand},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {153-155},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Loline, an alkaloid produced by Neotyphodium endophytes in pastoral grass species with potential antimicrobial properties, has several known derivatives; N-formyl loline (NFL), N-acetyl loline (NAL), N-acetyl norloline (NANL), N-methyl loline (NML), and loline base, though the availability and form during rumen fermentation and digestion is unclear. Festuca pratensis seeds either with (LOL) or without (NIL) lolines (150-200 {\textmu}g/mL) were incubated in either sterile or viable rumen fluid or in either HCL/pepsin (pH 2) or water (pH 7). At 72 hours LOL in sterile rumen fluid had 23\%, 26\%, and 45\% more NFL (P=0.05), NANL (P=0.04), and loline base (P=0.01) respectively, with 27\% more total loline present (P=0.06), and 65\% more NML (P=0.09) compared with LOL in viable rumen fluid. Loline tended to alter the fermentation pattern as NIL produced 11\% more ammonia (P=0.07), and 5\% less propionate (P=0.06) than LOL. In HCL/pepsin there were 38\%, 49\%, and 39\% more total lolines (P=0.05), NANL (P=0.02), and NFL (P=0.04) respectively, compared with water. Rumen and abomasal digestion appear to have a small effect on loline{\textquoteright}s form and concentration with only slight alteration to the rumen fermentation pattern. Presence of lolines had little evidence of an antimicrobial effect.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hunt JJ and Tozer PR and Kenyon PR and Schreurs NM and Pike SJ and Hickson RE and Blair HT and Garrick DJ}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Estimates of genetic parameters for lactation curves for milk, fat, protein and somatic cell score in New Zealand dairy goats},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {1-7},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {There are limited data on the average nitrogen (N) intake and N loss for the different classes of equine livestock, and the different equine production systems within New Zealand.  Using a deterministic model, the total nitrogen excreted, and nitrogen partitioned into animal requirements, urine and faeces were estimated based on the crude protein requirement, digestible crude protein intake, and crude protein excreted in urine and faeces.  Separate models were generated for five different livestock classes managed within three different production systems (commercial breeding farm, sport horse and racehorse). Overall, the N in diet (\%), the modelled daily N intake and N losses varied with the percentage of pasture in the diet.  The faecal N loss remained consistent (20-25\%) across diets and horse classes whereas urinary N loss increased with daily N intake and percentage of pasture in the diet. Total N loss per day was estimated to be 0.18, 0.28, and 0.48 g N/kg body weight in racehorse, sport horse and Thoroughbred mares respectively.  The N excretion per unit weight from young horses, racehorses and sport horses were substantially lower than that reported for ruminants. Therefore, horse-specific data should be used when modelling farm-level nitrogen excretion.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Scholtens MR and Lopez-villalobos N and Garrick DJ and Blair HT and Lehnert K and Snell RG}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Estimation of heritabilities for milk urea and efficiency of crude protein utilization by day of lactation in a New Zealand dairy cow herd},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {183-187},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability (h2) of milk urea (MU) and the efficiency of crude protein utilization (ECPU) in grazing dairy cows. Data consisted of 1,866 herd-test records for MU and ECPU from 380 cows. Genetic parameters for traits were estimated using a random regression test-day model (RRM). Herd-test date and parity had a significant effect on MU and ECPU suggesting that improvement of the traits can be made through management practices. Estimates of daily h2 ranged from 0.25 to 0.49 for MU and 0.02 to 0.41 for ECPU. The highest h2 estimates for both traits were found during late lactation. Genetic improvement of MU and ECPU should consider the genetic potential to change the lactation curves of these traits and their correlation with other productive and reproductive traits. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ariyarathne HBPC and CorreaLuna M and Blair HT and Garrick DJ and Lopez-villalobos N}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Regression of traits-other-than-production phenotypes for cows milked once a day on estimated breeding values obtained from cows milked twice a day},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {140-143},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The use of traits other than production (TOP) to aid selection for conformation fit-for-purpose offspring becomes more important as once-a-day (OAD) milking for whole or part season becomes more common. In 2013 Massey University Dairy 1 farm transitioned their mixed-breed herd milked twice a day (TAD) to an OAD spring-calving system. All cows on the farm were scored for 14 inspector TOP traits and four farmer-scored traits for a total of 1,163 records over five seasons (168 to 254 cows per year). The scores were adjusted for age of the cow and season. The adjusted phenotypes for all cows for each trait were then regressed on their corresponding nationally-produced TAD estimated breeding values (EBV), which had been calculated without using these phenotypes. The four farmer-scored traits had the lowest relationships with EBV. Estimates of regression coefficients near one were observed for the udder traits (udder support, rear udder, front teats, udder overall), dairy conformation and body capacity. This supports the use of national EBVs in OAD herds derived mostly from records on daughters in TAD herds. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sneddon NW and Lopez-villalobos N and Garrick DJ and Rocha JF and Donaghy DJ}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Genetic and phenotypic correlations between production traits and adult body condition scores in New Zealand merino ewes},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {71-75},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {Genetic and phenotypic correlations between adult body condition scores (BCS) throughout the production cycle and eye muscle
depth, fat depth, two-year-old greasy fleece weight, fibre diameter, staple length and staple strength were estimated from 2,007
pedigree-recorded merino ewes born between 2013 and 2015. The heritability estimates of BCS at pre-mating, mid-pregnancy,
pre-lambing and weaning were 0.66, 0.39, 0.46 and 0.32 respectively. The heritability estimates for yearling greasy fleece weight,
fibre diameter and staple length were 0.65, 0.86 and 0.73 respectively, and all these traits were positively genetically correlated
with BCS. The genetic correlations among the four BCS measurements ranged from 0.39-0.83, while the phenotypic correlations
ranged from 0.22-0.45. Genetic correlations between BCS and fat depth ranged from 0.67 to 0.83. Given the high heritability of
BCS and high genetic correlations between BCS measurements, there is clear scope for selection to alter BCS. Mating appears to
be the best time to record BCS for genetic selection, as it had the greatest heritability estimate and the greatest genetic correlations
with ultrasound measurements of fat depth and eye-muscle depth and all wool traits except fibre diameter coefficient of variation
and greasy fleece weight.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Tait IM and PR Kenyon and Garrick DJ and Pleasants AB and Hickson RE}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Heritability of longevity in New Zealand dairy goats},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {11-15},
	address = {Lincoln},
	abstract = {Longevity is a trait of economic importance in dairy goat farming. Actual longevity (AL) is defined as the number of days from
birth to when the animal leaves the herd, whereas functional longevity (FL) is defined as AL adjusted for first lactation energycorrected
milk yield (ECMY). This study reports the heritability (h2) for AL and FL in New Zealand dairy goats. Records of
longevity from 12,108 does born between 1993 and 2011 were analysed with a model that included the fixed effects of herdyear
(does born in the same herd and year) and covariates for the proportion of Alpine, Nubian, Toggenburg and heterosis, and
the random effect of animal. The model for FL was the same as AL, but included ECMY as a covariate. Average AL was 1,891
(SD=832) days. Estimates of h2 were 0.07 for AL and FL. The estimated regression coefficient for ECMY on AL was 0.56 days/
litre. There were significant differences in longevity among herds, indicating that management and feeding are important factors
affecting longevity. Further research is required to estimate genetic correlations with economically important traits.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Scholtens MR and Lopez-villalobos N and Garrick DJ and Blair HT}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Effect of cow body condition score on inter-calving interval, pregnancy diagnosis, weaning rate and calf weaning weight in beef cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {23-28},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to describe the effect of cow body condition score (BCS) on pregnancy rate, inter-calving interval, wean-ing rate and birth and weaning weights of calves. Measurements of BCS in a herd of mixed age (2-10 years), predominantly Angus, beef cows were recorded annually four times between November 2012 and March 2015, at joining/rebreeding (November), wean-ing/pregnancy diagnosis (PD, March), winter (June) and calving (August). Year influenced BCS (P<0.05) and BCS was greatest at weaning 2014. Two-year-old cows had greater BCS (P<0.05) than three-year-old and the mixed age cows. Pregnancy rate was no different (P>0.05) between BCS at calving, joining and PD. Cows that increased BCS from joining to PD had lower pregnancy rate than cows that maintained or decreased BCS during this period, although it is unclear whether this association reflects an influence of BCS on pregnancy rate, or whether the BCS change was a result of differing pregnancy status. Greater BCS at joining was associated with lower calf birth weights. Body condition score at each event was not associated with inter-calving interval or calf weaning weight. Further research is still required to determine the optimum BCS at each stage of the production cycle.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Tait IM and Morris ST and Kenyon PR and Garrick DJ and Pleasants AB and Hickson RE}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Supply curves for yields of dairy products from first-lactation Holstein Friesian, Jersey and Holstein Friesian-Jersey crossbred cows accounting for seasonality of milk composition and production.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {139-143},
	address = {Adelaide},
	abstract = {The economic efficiency of a milk-processing system is influenced by seasonality of the milk supply, and changes to milk
composition, influences the product potential of that milk. Lactation curves for milk yield and composition for seasonal calving
first-lactation Holstein Friesian (F), Jersey (J) and Holstein Friesian-Jersey crossbred (FxJ) cows were used as inputs in a
deterministic simulation model to produce seasonal curves for daily yields of dairy products. The dairy products were whole milk
powder, skim milk powder, cheese, or butter. Dairy product potential was estimated for each animal from a population of 4333
mixed-breed, first-lactation cows. Lactation lengths differed (P<0.0001), among F, FxJ, and J, which averaged 219, 222 and 221
days respectively. Total-lactation milk yield was different (P<0.0001) among breeds and averaged 3257, 3092 and 2902 litres for
F, FxJ and J cows, respectively. Whole-milk powder potential (yield per 1000 L of milk) was greatest at the start of the season
and least at the end of the season, whereas cheese-production potential (yield per 1000 L of milk) followed the opposite pattern.
Total-lactation whole-milk powder yield was different among breeds (P<0.0001) at 366, 338 and 312 kg of whole-milk powder for
F, FxJ and J cows, respectively. Total-lactation cheese yield was also different among breeds (P<0.0001), and was 371, 375 and
361 kg for F, FxJ and J cows, respectively. The supply curves indicate that milk is best processed into whole or skim milk powder
during peak season, and cheese and butter at the end of lactation. However, seasonal production of specific products would limit
the use of by-product lactose from cheese manufacture in the production of milk powders, and thus negate the efficiency gains
from changes to processing priorities.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sneddon NW and Lopez-Villalobos N and Davis SR and Hickson RE and Shalloo L and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Estimation of crossbreeding effects on yields of dairy products and value of milk processed in different product portfo},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {48-53},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { The international market requires milk products to meet specified minimum standards that define acceptable composition. This
study used a deterministic simulation model to estimate milk products yields of individual cows for different export markets. Four
milk product portfolios were analysed which included 100\% of the milk to either whole-milk powder (WMP), skim-milk powder,
cheese, or butter. Milk product potential was estimated for 4310 mixed-breed heifers from LIC Sire Proving Scheme herds based
on total lactation production. Lactation lengths were 212, 214 and 213 days for Holstein Friesian (HF), Holstein Friesian-Jersey
crossbreds (HFxJ), and Jerseys (J) respectively. Milk yields were significantly different between breeds averaging 3121 for HF,
2947 for HFxJ, and 2751 litres for J cows. Holstein Friesians had the lowest fat, protein and lactose concentrations, whereas J had
the highest. Holstein Friesian had the greatest yields of WMP per 1000 litres of milk, whereas J had the least. For all scenarios, J
milk was most valuable per litre. Crossbred cows provided greater total milk income for all scenarios except 100\% butter. Positive
heterosis effects were estimated for first-cross HFxJ animals for milk production and product yields. Crossbreeding produces cows
with milk better suited to the processing requirements of the New Zealand dairy industry and returning greater value to the New
Zealand dairy farmer.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sneddon NW and Lopez-Villalobos N and Hickson RE and Shalloo L and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {3678,
	title = {Supply and demand for lactose in the New Zealand dairy industry},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {215-219},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {Global milk product demand has been rapidly growing in the past decade, which is reflected in an increased demand for milk powders. The New Zealand dairy industry is capitalising on this by shifting its product portfolio towards milk powders. However, current international product specifications in combination with New Zealand milk composition and an industry objective to maximise farm profitability makes the industry deficient in milk lactose. This study aimed to determine how lactose deficit or surplus is influenced by changes in the product portfolio. In order to quantify this lactose balance, a computer simulation model was used (Moorepark Processing Sector Model). The 2012 New Zealand milk production (19.129 billion litres, milkfat concentration (4.99\%), protein concentration (3.82\%) and lactose concentration (4.70\%, anhydrate)) was used within the analysis. Four manufacturing portfolio scenarios were investigated with different proportions of milk diverted to whole milk powder production (80\%, 60\% (current proportion), 30\% and 10\%). The model simulated the total production of whole milk powder, skim milk powder, casein, whey powder, buttermilk powder, butter and cheese. Whole milk powder production varied from 2,292,000 tonnes for the 80\% scenario to 286,000 tonnes for the 10\% scenario. Lactose mass balance varied from 214,000 tonnes in deficit for the 80\% scenario to 510,000 tonnes in surplus for the 10\% scenario. These analyses indicate that as more whole milk powder is produced, milk from current New Zealand cows results in an increased deficit of milk lactose. The national breeding objective could be adjusted to reflect changes in the future product portfolios to better align the composition of milk with the likely product mix.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sneddon NW and Lopez-Villalobos N and Hickson RE and Shalloo L and Garrick DJ and Geary U}
}
@conference {69482,
	title = {Milestones in genetic prediction for applied livestock improvement},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {104-112},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Realised rates of genetic improvement depend upon structural, technological, economic and cultural factors. The potential nature and rate of genetic improvement of livestock has largely been dictated by accuracy of the predicted genetic merit of selection candidates. Major milestones in predicting merit include the use of objective measurements rather than visual appraisal; adjustment of measured performance for nongenetic factors; use of aggregate measures of economic merit for multiple trait selection; combining of information from all available sources of relatives and traits; and properly accounting for previous selection. Despite these advances, use of pedigree and performance information has major limitations. Genomic technologies can trace inheritance of chromosome fragments and with knowledge of the fragment values can improve accuracy of prediction in young selection candidates. Current genomic methods perform more poorly with real than with simulated data, and predictive abilities erode when applied to target animals not closely related to the population used to quantify fragment values. Several strategies are being investigated to improve genomic predictions, but in the meantime the principal benefit of the technology has been to increase accuracy of predicted merit of young selection candidates for routinely measured traits. In some cases this has reduced the generation interval.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {41322,
	title = {Genetic opportunities to improve milk value in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {90-94},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The value of milk in New Zealand can be improved by altering its composition by genetic means (crossbreeding, selection, and biotechnology). Breed changes and crossbreeding influence the value of milk, but the choice of breed is usually dominated by attributes other than milk composition. Responses to within-breed selection are influenced by the emphasis placed on milk components relative to other animal attributes. The relative economic emphasis among the traits in the objective, and the genetic and environmental relationships between measured performance attributes will influence the rate of progress in milk quality, milk value and farm profit. Transgenic modification of the bovine genome offers the possibility of quantum shifts in milk characteristics but requires further research, education and testing in order to gain consumer acceptance. The manufacture of high-value dairy products for specific markets will likely require the segregation of milks from different farms. The long-term nature of genetic improvement dictates that today{\textquoteleft}s vision shared by producers, processors and AB companies must be in concert with future needs of consumers if real opportunities are to be realised. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lopez-Villalobos N and Garrick DJ and Holmes CW}
}
@conference {41290,
	title = {Lactation curves for milk traits, live weight and body condition score for heavy and light Holstein-Friesian cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {217-220},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Two genetic lines of Holstein-Friesian cows divergently selected for heavy and light live weight but with similar genetic merit for farm profitability have been developed at Massey University since 1989. The objective of this experimental project was to evaluate differences in production, fertility and feed efficiency between the two lines when they are managed on grazed pasture and submitted to a seasonal system of reproduction. This paper describe the shapes of the lactation curves for yields of milk, fat and protein, live weigh and body condition score of the two lines using the gamma function. Parameters of the gamma function for each of the traits were estimated for each of 84 cows using daily yields of milk, fat and protein and weekly measurements of live weight and body condition scores recorded during the production season 1998-99. Live weights and body condition scores of mature heavy and light cows at calving were 495 and 436 kg and 4.7 and 4.8 units, respectively. Respective values for first-calving cows were 397 and 352 kg live weight and 4.9 and 4.9 units of body condition score. Peak yields of milk, fat and protein for mature heavy (27.6 litres, 1.30 kg and 0.90 kg) were higher than for mature light (25.6 litres, 1.21 kg and 0.86 kg) cows but differences were not significant. Peaks of yield occurred between 27 and 31 days after calving with no significant differences between lines of cows. There were no significant differences between lines for changes in body condition score and persistency of milk, fat and protein production during lactation of mature cows. Compared to mature cows, first-calving cows had lower peak yields of milk, fat and protein. First-calving light cows were the most persistent and maintained the highest body condition score during lactation. Total predicted yields of milk, fat and protein for mature heavy (4,048 litres, 194 kg and 133 kg) were not significantly different from those for mature light (3,774 litres, 182 kg and 127 kg) cows. These results show that there are no significant differences in the shape of the lactation curve for heavy or light mature cows, but first-calving light cows maintained higher body condition score in late lactation. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lopez-Villalobos N and Lemus-Ramirez V and Holmes CW and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {41197,
	title = {The benefits of sheep recording schemes for genetic research},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {198-202},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Recording schemes designed to provide genetic evaluations at the individual animal level contain basic pedigree and production records fundamental to genetic research. Accessibility, accuracy and consistency of their information and the flexibility of their database design to incorporate new indicator traits with prospects of providing a more accurate or more cost-effective identification of animals able to leave superior progeny influence their value to research. Much research is also likely to benefit from inclusion or access to industry data on animal products and their processing performance beyond the farm gate. Industry-wide evaluations of animals in different flocks can also identify useful contrasting animals for this research as well as for commercial exploitation. Examples of research using industry data from recording schemes are presented to demonstrate these features. They include estimates of non-genetic influences on animal performance, on methods of adjusting for their effects, estimates of phenotypic and genetic parameters, of genetic group and gene effects, of the effects of selection and culling and their impact on selection and crossbreeding strategies. Research embracing new molecular technologies is also discussed. Research of this sort can have high extension impact, especially that geared to early incorporation of results into the animal evaluation procedures of the scheme itself. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Clarke JN and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {41196,
	title = {The Sheep Improvement Limited (SIL) genetic engine},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {195-197},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The Sheep Improvement Limited (SIL) genetic engine (GE) interfaces with the SIL national database. It calculates breeding values from data provided by the database and reports these back to the database along with adjusted deviations and genetic trends graphs. The SIL system is a distributed and modular design, with the database and the GE located on separate computers connected via the Internet. The individual GE components are also modular and version 2 consists of 6 separate goal trait modules: growth, meat, wool, reproduction, survival and host resistance to internal parasites. This modular design allows each goal trait module to be easily upgraded and additional modules can be added as required. The GE uses across flock and year multivariate animal model BLUP. Evaluations can be requested as required by the user via Internet access to the database. The size of the job submitted scales transparently up to requests involving more than 200,000 animals, sufficient for the largest across flock sire referencing schemes. The intention is that the system will be continuously extended and improved. Near term developments are likely to extend to across breed analyses, the inclusion of a facial eczema module, and improved diagnostics. In the longer term it is anticipated that information from genetic markers will be included. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Newman SA and Dodds KG and Clarke JN and Garrick DJ and McEwan JC}
}
@conference {41191,
	title = {Sheep industry structure and genetic improvement},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {175-179},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The sheep industry consists of a nucleus or ram-breeding sector that accounts for 1-2\% breeding ewes and a commercial sector that relies on the ram-breeding sector for the supply of flock rams. The rate of genetic change in the whole industry is dictated by the rate of genetic gain in the nucleus sector. Increasing the size of the nucleus sector has little affect on genetic gain but increases the costs of genetic improvement. Industry structure is determined by the behaviour of breeders and farmers but there is often little individual incentive for these players to alter their practices despite overall benefit to the industry. The advent of performance recording, open-nucleus breeding schemes and the introduction of new sheep breeds have all resulted in modifications to the NZ breeding industry structure. The introduction of new biotechnology, notably DNA and cloning technologies could markedly alter future industry structure. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garrick DJ and Blair HT and Clarke JN}
}
@conference {41058,
	title = {The future for the N.Z. Society of Animal Production},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1-5},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Genetics is the study of inheritance, and animal breeding is the application of knowledge in genetics to achieve improvement.  In the context of animal breeding, a systematic framework (Harris et al., 1984) is typically employed to design improved breeding programmes.  The steps involved in this systematic framework include the following.

1.Define the goal of the business.
2. Identify the list of traits that influence the goal.
3.Determine the relative (economic) importance of the traits in the list.
4.Measure those characteristics that allow individuals to be ranked then selected (or culled) in terms of their contribution to progress towards the goal.
5.Make preferential use of superior individuals as parents of the next generation
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {41097,
	title = {Genetic parameter estimates for lamb survival in Romney sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {121-124},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Lamb survival is a trait of economic importance in sheep production. Most lamb losses occur within 1 to 2 days of birth. Losses may be attributed to the lamb and to the behaviour of the dam. Maternal effects are environmental for the offspring but are genetic for the dam. ANIMALPLAN has separately evaluated individual and maternal attributes. Difficulties arise to genetically evaluate animals for survival because this trait has a binomial distribution whereas most analytical procedures assume normality. The objective of this study was to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations for direct and maternal genetic effects on two underlying scales (probit and logit) for lamb survival in order to implement a new procedure of genetic evaluation. Variance components were obtained by Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) procedures after logit or probit transformation of the data with a linear mixed model using records from 25,874 lambs born over the period 1989 to 1995 in a prolific Romney flock. The lambs were the progeny of 218 sires and 6,771 dams. The model included fixed effects of sex, year, litter size at birth and age of dam and the random effects for direct genetic, maternal genetic and maternal environmental influences. Lambing and survival percentages were 178\% and 87\%, respectively. The estimates of heritability on the logit scale were 0.01, 0.03 and 0.04 for direct, maternal and total genetic effects, respectively. The proportion of total variance explained by maternal environmental influences was 0.09. The estimated genetic correlation between direct and maternal genetic effects was - 0.26. Similar estimates were obtained on the probit scale. Estimates will be lower for the observed scale. These results indicate a greater opportunity for improving survival by manipulating the environment rather than by selection. However survival analysis is an important component of quality assurance in a genetic improvement scheme. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lopez-Villalobos N and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {40989,
	title = {Effects of selection and crossbreeding on industry returns from whole milk powder, butter and casein in the New Zealand dairy industry},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {64-67},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effects of selection and crossbreeding on New Zealand dairy industry return were evaluated with a deterministic simulation model over 25 years. Several crossbreeding strategies involving Holstein-Friesian (F), Jersey (J) and Ayrshire (A) cattle were evaluated. These strategies were straightbreeding, upgrading to F (UPGF), upgrading to J (UPGJ), upgrading to A, and two- and three-breed rotational crosses. Total production of milk, fat, protein, lactose and ash were calculated assuming that 12,000 kg dry matter/ha was eaten for 1,224,911 ha. Yields of standardised whole milk powder (WMP), casein and butter were calculated. For the base year all the protein was utilised in WMP and for subsequent years, some increases in protein were sold in the form of casein. Casein and WMP were valued at $6.00 and $3.31 per kg respectively over the 25 years, whereas butter was valued at $3.00 per kg for base year production levels and $0.45 per kg for marginal increases in production. Production for the base year was 9,874 million l milk, 467 million kg fat, 359 million kg protein and 464 million kg lactose which yielded 1,263 million kg WMP and 157 million kg butter for an industry return of $4,646 million. Relative to the base year, UPGF resulted in the largest increase in WMP (128 million kg, 10\%), the lowest increase in casein (36 million kg) and increased returns by $639 million (14\%). UPGJ resulted in the lowest increase in WMP (73 million kg, 6.0\%), the largest increases in butter (67 million kg, 43\%), casein (65 million kg) and returns ($662 million, 14\%). Two-breed rotational (F,J) resulted in product flows for WMP and butter that were above the intermediate between UPGF and UPGJ but return that was equal to UPGJ. Selection within-breed in combination with crossbreeding can increase industry returns. However, the net financial outcome of all changes must be assessed taking into account farm expenses, income from culled stock and factory costs in processing milk with different composition in order to determine optimum crossbreeding strategies. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lopez-Villalobos N and Garrick DJ and Spelman RJ and Holmes CW and Blair HT}
}
@conference {40990,
	title = {Growth curves and productivity of Holstein-Friesian cows bred for heavy or light mature live weight},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {68-72},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This paper presents data for live weights (LW) from birth to maturity, and for yields of milk and milksolids (MSY) per lactation, from two lines of Holstein-Friesian cows bred for heavy (H) or light (L) mature LW. Compared with the Brody, Gompertz and Logistic functions, the Von Bertalanffy function provided the best fit to the LW data, and prediction from this function has been used in the following analyses. The breeding values (BV) for LW of the sires (H: 86.3 kg; L: 31.0 kg) and maternal grandsires (MGS) (H: 55 kg; L: 38 kg) used to develop the H and L LW lines were higher (P<0.001) for the H line than for the L line, and they were significantly associated with the actual birth weight (H: 41 kg; L: 35 kg) and mature live weight (H: 520 kg; L: 467 kg) of the cows. The heavy sires also had significantly higher BV for yield of milk (H: 1037 l; L: 737 l), milkfat (H: 33.0 kg; L: 27.5 kg), and milk protein (H: 31 kg; L: 22 kg), and the H cows produced more milk (H: 4708 l; L: 4323 l), and MSY (H: 364 kg; L: 348 kg) than the L cows. However, L sires had slightly higher (P = 0.07) value for Breeding Worth than the H sires (H:37; L:46), and there were only small differences in yields of milk or MSY between the two lines when these were expressed per kg of LW, per kg of LW0.75 or per tonne of dry matter required (H: 84 kg MSY/tonne DM; L: 87 kg MSY/tonne DM). The results indicate that the extra MSY by the H cows (+ 16 kg) almost compensated for the effect of their extra LW (+ 46 kg), so that the H cows were only slightly less efficient than the L cows, as predicted by their respective sire{\textquoteright}s Breeding Worth. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garcia-Muniz JG and Holmes CW and Garrick DJ and Lopez-Villalobos N and Wickham BW and Wilson G and Brookes IM and Purchas RW}
}
@conference {41017,
	title = {Modelling the Feed Requirements of Cross-Bred Sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {161-164},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Feed requirements of flocks of ewes from Romney dams mated to either Romney , Border x Dorset, Finn x Texel, or Texel x Dorset sires (R, BD, FT, TD), were estimated from assumed profiles of live weight and reproductive performance. These were constructed by extrapolating data collected from four flocks of 500 ewes each, born in 1994 and run under a common management system at Limestone Downs (a large Waikato sheep/beef property). Annual feed requirements for R, BD, FT and TD ewes (plus 25\% replacements) were estimated to be : 670, 809, 766 and 740 kg DM/ewe; equivalent ewe numbers for the same annual intake: 1000, 829, 875 and 906 ewes; g lamb weaned/kg DM consumed: 37, 43, 47 and 40 g/kg DM. Live weight and reproductive profiles for ewes sired by East Friesian rams were also constructed by extrapolating data from East Friesian-cross ewes born at Limestone Downs in 1996 and mated as hoggets in 1997. Estimates of annual feed intakes, equivalent ewe numbers and g lamb weaned/kg DM consumed for East Friesian-cross ewes (plus 25\% replacements), mated first as hoggets (EFH) were: 925 kg DM/ewe, 725 ewes and 56g/kg DM; or mated first as two-tooths (EF): 907 kg DM/ewe, 739 ewes, and 50g/kg DM. The increased feed demand for high producing ewes occurred mainly from late pregnancy until weaning. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Brookes IM and Lowe KI and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {41036,
	title = {New Zealand beef industry structure and opportunities to improve income},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {228-230},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {As a product, beef can be classified as suiting table or processing requirements. The aim of this study is to quantify the volume and value of table and processing beef arising from herds of beef or dairy origin to identify opportunities for increasing industry revenue from improving table beef harvest relative to processing products. A deterministic model was developed to calculate product flows and income from processing and table beef derived from beef and dairy herds over a 20 year horizon. The dairy herd contributed 52\% of beef, 60\% of processing grade beef and 45\% of total beef income. Processing grade beef comprised 58\% of total product by weight. Beef-breed steers and Holstein-Friesian (F) bulls were the largest contributors of any cattle class to table and processing grade beef and total industry revenue. Improving the harvest of table beef by 1\% from F bulls would increase beef industry revenue by 0.7\%, a similar increase in revenue that could be achieved from beef-breed steers. The relative contribution of beef and dairy origin cattle to beef revenue is insensitive to table beef premiums over processing beef. Any improvement strategy within the beef industry should be considered with dairy-origin beef animals in mind. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Charteris PL and Garrick DJ and Morris ST}
}
@conference {41018,
	title = {Sheep breeding: an enterprise budgeting decision support model for on-farm planning.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {165-169},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {In selecting a sheep breeding strategy farmers need to evaluate the likely physical and financial outcomes relative to continuing the existing policy. The strategy should be assessed in terms of the new status quo production levels and costs and prices at this time, and the possible associated effect of changes in product attributes relative to market requirements. To assist farmers evaluate alternative breeding scenarios a spreadsheet-based enterprise budgeting model was developed. The input data and output are summarised to a one-page template to allow the user to assess the sensitivity of returns to different market and production scenarios for a particular farm situation. A flock at current performance levels and those in 5 years, following genetic and management improvement, is compared to a crossbreeding strategy to illustrate the model{\textquoteright}s application. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Parker WJ and Dooley AE and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {40883,
	title = {Across-breed genetic evaluation of New Zealand dairy goats.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {43-45},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The New Zealand dairy goat industry consists of 187 herds (33,500 does), from which 60 herds (12,600 does) supply milk for the Dairy Goat Co-operative. Most of the milk is used to manufacture whole milk powder for niche markets. Farm profitability can be increased through identifying and selecting superior animals for traits of financial importance such as milk yield. Across-breed estimated breeding values (EBVs) for milk yield adjusted for days in milk (MYA), unadjusted milk yield (MYU) and days in milk (DIM) of Saanen, Nubian, British, Toggenburg and crossbred dairy goats spread across 20 herds were estimated by Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) procedures. A repeatability model was used to analyse the first eight lactation yields and included effects of herd-year-month, parity, additive genetic and permanent environment. Coefficients of breed composition and heterosis (assuming equal heterosis among any of the breeds) and days in milk were considered as covariables. Heritability and repeatability were 0.36 and 0.63 respectively. Evaluations were based on 6,517 lactation records of 3,856 does and 83 sires. Average milk production was 548 litres over an average lactation spanning 200 days. Pure-bred Saanen does had longer lactations (DIM) and out-produced other breeds in MYA and MYU. Two year old does produced an extra 150 litres of milk compared to one year old does. Peak production was at 5 years of age then production declined gradually. Young does had longer lactations than old does. Average EBVs for different breeds compared to a Saanen base were for MYU Nubian -291, British -242 and Toggenburg -106 litres, MYA -177, -193 and -51 litres and DIM -40, -17 and -19 days for each breed respectively. First cross heterosis was 105 litres (19\%) for MYU, 52 litres (9.5\%) for MYA and 18 days (9\%) for DIM. This first prototype evaluation allows the selection of does and bucks based on their estimated genetic merit and provides for routine genetic evaluation in the future. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Singireddy SR and Lopez-Villalobos N and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {40877,
	title = {Effect of crossbreeding strategies on long-term rates of genetic gain in New Zealand dairy cattle.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {22-25},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Crossbred cows tend to be more profitable than straightbred cows because they fit the present milk payment system and show favourable heterosis for milk traits. This may encourage greater use of crossbred cows eroding the number of potential bull mothers (active cows) thereby reducing genetic progress. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of crossbreeding on active cow numbers and genetic gain over 25 years.
A deterministic model was used to calculate the number of cows and the breeding worth (BW) of Holstein-Friesian (F) and Jersey (J) bulls each year. Three strategies were considered: upgrading to F (UPGF); upgrading to J (UPGJ); and some two-breed rotational mating plans. In 1996, sizes of F and J active populations were taken to be 250,000 and 76,400 cows and mean bull BWs were $72 (F) and $82 (J).
After 25 years of UPGF the number of active F and J cows were 1,520,000 and 13,000, the BWs of F and J bulls were $245 and $213 and genetic gains of F and J bull teams were 8.5 and 4.25 $BW/year. UPGJ had the opposite effect. Mating 10\% of {\textbullet}2/3F cows to F bulls and 10\% of -1/3F cows to J bulls (ROTATE10) for 25 years led to active F and J populations of 70,200 and 75,800 cows, BWs of F and J bulls of $227 and $230 and genetic gains for F and J bull teams equal to 7.0 $BW/year. Results suggest that widespread adoption of a rotational crossbreeding scheme could be achieved without penalising annual genetic gain in bulls. However, annual recruitment of new active cows should be routinely monitored to ensure long term gain will be maintained. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lopez-Villalobos N and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {40925,
	title = {Sire by finishing environment interactions for carcass and meat quality traits in beef cattle.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {192-195},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Genotype by environment interactions can result in bulls having different genetic merits applicable to different environments. Beef cattle have traditionally been finished on pasture in New Zealand. The desire to meet perceived market requirements for meat quality has encouraged progeny testing and led to feedlotting. The objectives of this study were to evaluate sires on the basis of performance of their pasture-finished steer progeny, their feedlot-finished steer progeny and to compare the assessments of these sires from offspring in each environment. Fourteen Angus sires had progeny in both environments comprising 54 pasture-finished steers and 148 feedlot-finished steers. Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) of each sire were obtained separately for eight traits that were measured for both pasture and feedlot progeny. Product-moment correlations between sire EBVs based on pasture-finished progeny and EBVs based on feedlot-finished progeny averaged 0.11 (range -0.16 meat colour to 0.50 subcutaneous fat depth). The expected distributions of these correlations between EBVs were obtained by simulation for a range of null hypotheses determined by the true genetic correlation between performance in the two environments using Monte Carlo simulation. The expected distributions of correlations between environments were determined for differing numbers of progeny per sire and for the effect of preselecting prior to entering the progeny test. The distributions of correlations were used to determine whether the low observed correlations between EBVs estimated from each environment were likely to have arisen from chance sampling or were truly indicative of genotype by environment interaction. Based on actual progeny numbers per sire in each environment there were significant (P=0.05) sire by finishing environment interactions for most traits analysed. Increasing the number of progeny per sire would increase the chance of detecting such interactions, in that case separate progeny testing programmes for each environment may be necessary. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Charteris PL and Garrick DJ and Morris ST}
}
@conference {40866,
	title = {Characterisation of beef cattle breeding industry structure},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {386-389},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The structure of the beef cattle industry, from a breeding viewpoint is  characterised by registered herds from which bulls are sold to: other  registered breeders, commercial beef cattle farmers and dairy farmers. This  project characterised New Zealand},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Charteris PL and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {40761,
	title = {Potential for profitable use of DNA markers in the New Zealand Dairy Industry},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {9-11},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = { Annual genetic advance in merit of dairy cattle can be assessed from  selection in four pathways: Bulls to breed Bulls (BB); Cows to breed Bulls  (CB); Bulls to breed Cows (BC); and Cows to breed Cows. It is usually  assumed that breeding merit is determined by actions of a very large number  of genes, each having a small effect (infinitesimal model of inheritance). In  practice, the number may be finite, with a few genes (known as QTLs)  having large effects. DNA technologies allow young animals to be tested  for particular QTLs using markers. Benefits of marker assisted selection were calculated for one additive QTL  over a range of sizes (allele values of 0.25, 0.38, or 0.5 genetic s.d.) and  initial gene frequencies (0.01, 0.10, 0.35). Testing was conducted in the BB,  BC and CB pathways. Strategies were compared using the Net Present  Value of the stream of productive benefits less costs for a 30 year horizon,  assuming one genetic s.d. is worth $160. Superior rates of advance were sometimes achieved at greater cost than  benefits. At a cost of $10 per genotype assessment it was never profitable to  genotype small QTLs. The largest QTL could be profitably used to screen  young bulls before progeny testing except at the lowest starting frequency.  In some circumstances, selection for a QTL resulted in improved medium  term response but reduced long-term response. Knowledge of the size and  frequency of QTLs and a pre-defined time horizon will be essential to  discriminate between profitable and costly applications of this technology. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garrick DJ and Spelman RJ}
}
@conference {40818,
	title = {Profitability of rotational crossbreeding programmes in commercial dairy herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {216-220},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Dairy farm profitability can be increased through the use of superior  cows in the lactating herd. Genetic superiority is determined by additive  genetic effects and heterosis (present in crossbred animals). Profitability is  the difference between income (sale of milk, bobby and salvage animals)  and costs (related to the number of cows in the herd and the land area  farmed). At comparable production, bigger cows consume more feed  reducing their profitability per unit feed consumed. Previous studies have  identified the high productivity of first-cross cows comprising Holstein- Friesian (F) and Jersey (J) breeds. In a self-replacing herd, first-cross (F1)  animals will not be continuously available unless some straightbred animals  are maintained. One approach for exploiting heterosis in a self-replacing  herd, is to make use of rotational crossbreeding. This paper reports  profitabilities of some rotational crossbreeding programs in comparison to  farming straightbred dairy animals. A model was used to estimate on an annual basis, the nutritional, biological  and economic performance of whole herds consuming 12,000 kg dry matter  per ha. Expected performances for straight- and cross-bred cows comprising  F, J and Ayrshire (A) breeds, were obtained using estimates of breed and  heterosis effects derived from Livestock Improvement},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lopez-Villalobos N and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {40849,
	title = {Relationships between adult liveweights and velvet weights in farmed Red deer},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {334-337},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Deer farmers with velvetting herds are interested in: selection of stags  for superior lifetime performance; selection of stags and hinds to produce  improved sons; and management of the stag herd to increase returns from  velvet. Knowledge of genetic and phenotypic relationships between weights  of velvet harvested at different ages and between liveweights and velvet  weights will allow benefits from selection and some management practices  to be quantified. This paper reports estimates of these relationships from a  study involving some 2,021 stags representing 92 sire progeny groups  distributed over five farms. Heritability estimates for velvet weight at successive ages from 2 to 8 year  old stags ranged from 0.43 to 0.85. The average estimated genetic  correlation between velvet weights in successive years was 0.97 but declined  to 0.75 as the number of years between harvests increased. Phenotypic  correlations were consistently lower than genetic correlations. Treating log- transformed velvet weight as a repeatable trait resulted in an estimated  heritability of 0.36 with a repeatability of 0.64 and s.d. of 0.11 (log scale).  Average velvet production in kg (Y) can be predicted from age in years (X)  from the following equation: log10(Y) = -0.37 + 0.33*X - 0.044*X2 +  0.002*X3 Within a cohort of stags of the same age, heavier stags produced more  velvet, with an average genetic correlation of 0.74 and phenotypic  correlation 0.44. The genetic correlation between liveweight of hinds at 2  years of age and velvet weight at various ages averaged 0.5. Comparing different cohorts of stags of the same age, there was no  relationship between average liveweights and average  velvet weights. As stags aged, the average weights of velvet and liveweight increased.  Describing velvet weight in kg (Y) as a non-linear function of weight in kg  (X) the allometric equation was Y = 0.21*X1.4, indicating velvet weight is  later maturing than liveweight. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garrick DJ and Van Den Berg GHJ}
}
@conference {40840,
	title = {Structural characteristics of the sheepbreeding industry and implications for genetic and reproductive technologies},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {301-303},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The structure of the sheep breeding industry needs to be understood  and documented in order to assess the possible gains resulting from the  implementation of genetic and reproductive technologies. This paper  reports a structural description of the sheep industry, which apart from  census information obtained every 5 years has received little attention since  1948. The proportion of the national flock represented by the minor and  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stewart JB and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {40735,
	title = {Impact of breeding technologies on the genetic gain of Merino flock},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {278-280},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Several breeding technologies are available to sheep breeders for  increasing the rate of genetic progress in their flocks. The relative merits of  these technologies depends on the selection objective and other breeding and  management circumstances. This paper investigates the effects of artificial  insemination (AI), progeny testing and an open-nucleus flock, on a breeding  programme for fine woolled merinos. The selection objective was to  decrease Mean Fibre Diameter (MFD) while maintaining Clean Fleeceweight  (CFW).   Two population structures were considered:  a)Maintaining a closed nucleus flock of 1000 breeding ewes  b)Operating an open-nucleus breeding scheme sourcing a proportion of  replacements from the progeny of 5000 contributing ewes.   For each structure, the benefits of AI and progeny testing were investigated  individually and in combination.   For the range of options considered, selection resulted in a reduction of one  micron in MFD every three to five years, with no reduction in CFW.   All other things equal progeny testing decreased the genetic progress  possible by 0.04-0.06 u/year. An open-nucleus breeding scheme increased  the rate of genetic gain by 0.06 u/year with progeny testing or 0.03 u/year in  the absence of progeny testing. AI increased genetic progress by 0.06 u/year.   The combination of AI and an open nucleus provided the maximum potential  rate of genetic gain (0.36 u/year). To optimise the age structure for this  combination of breeding technologies, the nucleus flock comprised 60\%  two-tooth ewes.   These results describe the impact of breeding technologies on the rate of  genetic gain. To determine their cost-effectiveness, the marginal genetic  gain provided by any individual technology must be weighed up against the  costs and management constraints that the technology imposes.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Sherlock RG and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {40734,
	title = {Selection for beef quality traits},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {275-277},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Records on 24 146 Angus and 5 632 Hereford carcasses processed at  Manawatu Beef Packers between March 1993 and August 1994 which had  been evaluated for beef marbling standard (BMS), beef fat standard (BFS)  and beef colour standard (BCS) were used to derive overall meat quality  score. Overall meat quality score in the Japanese grading system is  determined by the lowest grade from: semi-objective assessment for BMS,  BFS and BCS; and subjective assessment for meat brightness, firmness and  texture, fat lustre and quality. Subjective measures of meat and fat quality  are not routinely recorded at this plant and therefore overall meat quality  score could only account for the three recorded items. The majority of  Angus and Hereford carcasses (84.0 and 82.9\%) had an overall meat quality  score of 1 (inferior) and no carcasses had score 5 (excellent). This study  reports the effects of selection to improve Japanese overall meat quality  score by single trait improvement of the three meat quality attributes. A  change of one grade in BMS (or BFS) for Angus carcasses decreased the  proportion of score 1 carcasses to 12.8\% (or 74.7\%) and improved overall  meat quality score from an average of 1.17 to 1.96 (or 1.29). A change of  one grade in BMS (or BFS) for Hereford carcasses decreased the proportion  of score 1 carcasses to 16.1\% (or 66.8\%) and changed overall meat quality  score from an average of 1.18 to 1.90 (or 1.35).   Selection based on a well-designed progeny test would take 5 (or 9) years to  improve BMS (or BFS) by one grade. Biological factors introduce a lag of at  least six years from the start of test matings until there can be widespread  harvest of beef animals with improved meat quality. Selection for BMS can  improve overall meat quality score more effectively and more rapidly than  selection for other meat quality traits.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Charteris PL and Garrick DJ and Morris ST and Wright LA}
}
@conference {40616,
	title = {Accounting for scale effects in genetic evaluation of dairy cattle.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {276-280},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Lactation records of dairy cows calving between 1986 and 1989 were  
obtained from the Livestock Improvement Corporation of the New Zealand  
Dairy Board.  There were milkfat yields from 2,004,854 lactations in 83,805  
contemporary groups.  The data were divided into three equal-sized subsets  
based on average level of production (scale) in the contemporary group; these  
being (kg milkfat {\textpm} sd) High (H), 172 {\textpm} 28; Medium (M), 152 {\textpm} 26; and Low  
(L), 139 {\textpm} 25.  The objectives of this study were to provide evidence of  
heterogenous variance and to identify the best of three methods to stabilise  
the variance of milkfat yields for use in the genetic evaluation of New Zealand  
dairy cattle based on a best linear unbiased prediction procedure using an  
across breeds animal model which will be implemented in July 1996. 
 
The methods investigated for the accounting of scaling were adjustment based  
on: contemporary group standard deviation (SD); contemporary group means  
(MEAN); and logarithmic transformation (LOG) of milkfat yield.  The overall  
correlation between contemporary group means and standard deviations was  
0.44.  This value was reduced to 0.31 in SD-transformed data, -0.27 (MEAN)  
and -0.24 (LOG). 
 
Correlations between breeding values for sires estimated from the independent  
data sets using a mixed model but without adjustment for scale were 0.76, 0.73  
and 0.78 in the L-M, L-H and M-H comparisons.  These were lower than  
expected correlations of 0.85, 0.85 and 0.87, reflecting inaccuracies in sire  
evaluation when scaling is ignored.  Calculated correlations were similar for  
SD and MEAN (0.78, 0.75 and 0.80; 0.78, 0.74 and 0.78), but LOG reduced  
the calculated correlations (0.73, 0.69 and 0.75). 
 
Results confirm the problem of scaling on genetic evaluation of New Zealand  
dairy cattle and indicate other methods need to be studies to correct the  
scaling problem. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lopez-Villalobos N and Garrick DJ and Harris BL and Blair HT}
}
@conference {40631,
	title = {How relevant are current and emerging genetic technologies to the beef breeding cow?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {337-344},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The genetic merit of stock in the commercial sector of the beef breeding  
herds is dependent on the rate of genetic gain in nucleus herds and the length of  
delay it takes to transfer this genetic gain to commercial herds.  This paper  
states the factors controlling the rate of genetic gain and genetic lag and  
examines the impact of current and future technologies on these factors.  The  
setting of selection objectives and opportunities for crossbreeding in New  
Zealand beef breeding herds are also mentioned briefly. 
 
The maximum theoretical rate of genetic gain in beef cattle herds is about  
3.4sigmaT (genetic standard deviations).  Current technologies should allow a rate  
of gain of about 0.25sigmaT but results from New Zealand beef cattle selection  
experiments suggest that the actual rate achieved in the industry is unlikely to  
exceed 0.1sigmaT.  It is suggested that many new technologies becoming 
available will either have little impact on the rate of genetic gain or will be 
too expensive to apply in New Zealand{\textquoteright}s extensive beef cattle industry.  
Opportunities will exist for nucleus breeders who are prepared to cooperate with 
each other giving them a larger pool of breeding cows. 

The most likely genetic lag using current practices is about 10 years in the New  
Zealand beef cattle industry.  By generating replacement females from only  
young parents and by accessing sires of above average genetic merit, it should  
be possible to reduce genetic lag to about 1 year. 
 
It is concluded that the New Zealand beef cattle industry could greatly enhance  
the rate of genetic gain and reduce the level of genetic lag through the  
application of existing technology.  Furthermore, the establishment and  
application of sound selection objectives is an immediate priority. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Blair HT and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {40617,
	title = {Predicting the influence of high breeding index dairy sires on farm productivity},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {281-284},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A computer modes was developed to calculate the effect of a sires  
genetic merit on the yields of fat, protein and milk produced by his daughters,  
and on their liveweight, feed requirements and achievable stocking rates.  Herd  
statistics, costs and prices were based on average figures for 1992.  The effect  
of a 1 unit increase in sire Breeding Indexes (BI{\textquoteright}s) for fat, protein and milk  
and a 1 kg increase in average daughter liveweight on marginal farm profit per  
hectare were +$0.48, +$0.98, -$0.36 and -$0.49 respectively in the year of the  
daughters first lactation.  That is, in terms of effects on gross margin per  
hectare, an increase of 1 unit in protein BI (sire) was equivalent to either  
+2 fat BI (sire), -3 milk BI (sire) or -2 kg in average daughter liveweight.   
The net effect of a 1 kg increase in average cow liveweight across a whole herd  
was calculated as being a reduction of approximately $1.30 in marginal profit per  
hectare. 
 
Trends in future yields of milk components were predicted from an on-farm  
(per cow) and an industry (supply) perspective.  These trends were assumed to  
be solely due to genetic improvement and were based on estimated rates of  
genetic gain in both New Zealand (NZ) and the United States of America  
(USA).  Based on these estimates, milk supply to the industry could increase  
between 30-50\% in the next 30 years.  This would require annual processing  
capacity increases in the order of 1.2 - 1.5\% per year.  Over the last 16 years,  
increases in milk supply due to greater yields per cow (genetics + management)  
have only been averaging around 0.6\% per year.  Careful planning may be  
required by the dairy industry in order to cope with future supply increases. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Clark JM and Holmes CW and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {40551,
	title = {The relationship between internal parasite burden, faecal egg count, and mucosal mast cells in fleeceweight-selected and control sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {9-14},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Research has shown that sheep from a Massey University flock selected  
for increased fleece weight (FW) for thirty-six years have higher faecal egg  
counts (FEC) than unselected controls (C).  The purpose of this trial was to  
determine whether differences in FEC between FW and C sheep accurately  
reflected differences in adult worm burdens.  In addition levels of mucosal 
mast cells, and their relationship with worm burden in each line were examined. 
 
Thirteen one year-old rams from each flock were housed indoors and  
artificially infected with larvae of three species of nematode parasite:  
<I>Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta,</I> and <I>Trichostrongylus  
colubriformis</I>.  FECs were monitored and adult worm burdens, and levels of  
mucosal mast cells, determined following slaughter 28 days after infection. 
 
FECs were higher in FW than C sheep (4204 vs 300 epg, p<0.0001), as were  
numbers of adult <I>Haemonchus</I> (1151 vs 249, p<0.01) and 
<I>Ostertagi</I> (2268 vs 600, p<0.05).  Numbers of <I>Trichostrongylus</I> 
(5838 vs 5266) and total worm  burden (9257 vs 6115) were not significantly 
different between lines.  A {\textquoteright}Total Pathogenic Index{\textquoteright}, calculated from the 
number of parasites of each species present in the total burden, was higher 
in FW than C sheep (3.8 vs 1.5, p<0.005). 
 
The regression coefficient relating FEC to worm burden was larger in FW than  
C sheep (0.35 vs 0.05 eggs per g faeces/worm, p<0.01).  Levels of mucosal  
mast cells did not differ significantly between lines, but were inversely related  
to number of worms in FW sheep.  There was no such relationship in C sheep. 
 
It is concluded that while the large differences in FEC between lines  
overestimates the difference in total worm burden, FW sheep do carry  
significantly more worms of the abomasal species <I>H. contortus</I> and <I>O.  
circumcincta</I> than C sheep.  FW sheep are able to maintain superior wool  
production in spite of this potentially more pathogenic worm burden.  The  
mucosal mast cell response to parasitic infection also appears to have been  
changed by selection. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Williamson JF and Blair HT and Garrick DJ and Pomroy WE and Douch PGC}
}
@conference {40463,
	title = {A prototype sire evaluation for New Zealand dairy cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {91-94},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Growth of mammary epithelium is regulated by endocrine signals, local factors and sensitivity of epithelial cells to mitogens and inhibitors. This study was designed to identify how these factors interact in regulating mammogenesis and determine if breed differences exist among these factors.  Mammary epithelial cell organoids were isolated from five pairs of beef and dairy heifers (7 to 9 months of age) and cultured within collagen gels. Sera were collected from all heifers and pooled within breed for use in culture. At slaughter, explants of mammary fat pad were also prepared for culture.  Culture treatments were arranged in a 2x2x3x4 factorial design. Factors included source of cells (beef or dairy), addition of growth factors (10 ng/ml IGF-I + 50 ng/ml EGF or control), source of mammary fat pad explants (beef, dairy or none) and source of serum added to culture media at 5\% final concentration (beef, dairy, foetal calf serum, or none). Mammary growth was assessed as incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA. Mammary epithelial cells from beef heifers grew more rapidly than dairy cells (2518 vs 1192) cpm/ug; P<0.01). Growth of epithelia was enhanced by addition of growth factors (2265 vs 1445 cpm/ug; P<0.01). Sera from both beef and dairy heifers stimulated growth 2-fold compared to no serum (P<0.01), but addition of mammary fat inhibited epithelial growth (P<0.05). Cells from beef heifers were also more responsive to addition of serum and growth factors. These findings demonstrate that multiple factors interact to control mammary growth. Mammary fat pad of ruminants, unlike rodents, appears to inhibit epithelial growth.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garrick DJ and Harris BL and Shannon P and Sosa-Ferreyra C}
}
@conference {40376,
	title = {A comparison of internal parasitism in fleeceweight-selected and control Romney sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {57-60},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Rising three year old Angus steers were fed on either  ryegrass/subterranean clover pasture or a high grain ration (70\% maize  grain/ 30\% pasture silage) for an adjustment period of 2 weeks and an  experimental period of 12 weeks. Then cattle were slaughtered initially  and 10 cattle from each treatment group were slaughtered after 6, 10 and  14 weeks. Cattle offered the high grain ration had feed intakes of up  to 2.7\% of bodyweight and over the 12 weeks experimental period average  liveweight gains of 1.4 and 2.0 kg/d were achieved in the pasture and  grain fed groups, respectively. Carcass weight increased from 316 kg to  363 kg in the pasture group and 406 kg in the grain fed group at final  slaughter. Intramuscular (chemical) fat at the 12th rib increased from  13\% to 23\% and was not affected by diet. Levels of intramuscular fat  were up to 38\% and were similar to those reported for Japanese Wagyu  beef. Lean meat colour was significantly brighter (P<0.001) as a result  of grain feeding and the incidence of yellow fat was reduced.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Howse SW and Blair HT and Garrick DJ and Pomroy WE}
}
@conference {40393,
	title = {The National Database for sheep genetic evaluation and research},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {121-124},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Lactating and non-lactating does were allocated on August 1989  down lengths to seven groups. Four of the groups received a single slow  release melatonin implant (Regulin) on either 16 October, 30 October, 13  November or 25 November 1989. Two groups received single implants on 16  October and 25 November or 13 November and 25 December. The seventh  group was an untreated control. Total down length in all treated groups  was greater than the control (p<0.005). The goats treated on 16 October  had the greatest response to melatonin and produced a 45\% longer down  fleece than the controls.   The first fleece (16.8 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garrick DJ and Clarke JN and Callow CF}
}
@conference {40351,
	title = {Best linear unbiased prediction for across-flock/year breeding values},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {411-416},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Three pasture types (Wana cocksfoot, Roa tall fescue, and Ruanui  perennial ryegrass/Huia white clover) were ranked on short term rates of  intake, measured using boxed turfs indoors and short grazing periods at  pasture. In the first experiment 12 turfs of each pasture type were  offered to each of 3 heifers indoors in a latin square design. In a  second experiment at pasture, 3 heifers grazed each pasture type for a  day again in a latin square design.   Intake rate in the first experiment was estimated from pre- and post-  grazing weight of turfs with correction for respiratory and evaporative  weight loss. At pasture in the second experiment intake rate was the  difference between pre and post grazing weight of the heifers corrected  for insensible weight loss.   Rankings of grass cultivars indoors and outdoors were similar even  though animal and sward maturity differed. Intake rate of  ryegrass/white clover was lower both indoors and outdoors than for Roa  tall fescue or Wana cocksfoot (indoors 103 vs 131 and 148, and outdoors  65 vs 161 and 102 mgDM/kg/W/min). Bite weight (2.1 vs 2.7 and 2.8  mgDM/kgW) and bite depth (5.9 vs 6.4 and 6.7 cm) for ryegrass/white  clover indoors were lower than for tall fescue or cocksfoot.  Allocation/intake relationships derived for ryegrass/white clover may  not be applicable to other pasture species.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {40216,
	title = {The future impact of new opportunities in reproductive physiology and molecular biology on genetic improvement programmes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {197-210},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {During the serious outbreak of facial eczema (FE) in 1989, blood   samples were obtained from first-lactation heifers born in 1986, in   order to study any genetic influence on the incidence of FE. Heifers   were located in 60 herds in Northland (14 herds), Auckland (25) and   Taranaki (21). The herds were members of the New Zealand Dairy Board{\textquoteright}s   1985 Sire Proving Scheme for young Jersey bulls. Samples were collected   from 1523 heifers, the daughters of 57 young Jersey sires and 19 other   Jerseys including reference sires from previous years. Blood samples   were analysed for gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), an indicator of liver   damage such as due to FE. Overall, 28\% of animals had elevated GGT   values (>=30IU/1), and 72\% (43) of herds had 2 or more animals with   elevated GGT. After setting aside data from the 17 herds where no   elevations of GGT concentration were recorded, the heritability of log e   GGT was 0.31},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Baker RL and Shannon P and Garrick DJ and Blair HT and Wickham BW}
}
@conference {40255,
	title = {Intraruminal chromium controlled release capsules for measuring herbage intake in ruminants - a review},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1990},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {437-442},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Parker WJ and Morris ST and Garrick DJ and Vincent GL and McCutcheon SN}
}
@conference {39992,
	title = {Consideration of alternative lamb drafting strategies},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1986},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {49-54},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The saleable meat, bone and trimmed fat content was measured on the sides of 643 steer, 273 heifer and 1086 bull carcasses. Saleable meat yield declined from approximately 70\% in grade M to 59\% in grade T for steers and heifers, while fat trim increased from approximately 8\% in grade M to 25\% in grade T. Carcass saleable meat yield in bulls was almost constant (72.6 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garrick DJ and Purchas RW and Morris ST}
}
