@conference {69528,
	title = {Methods of delivering salt to cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {296-298},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Urine from farmed livestock contributes significant quantities of nitrate nitrogen (N) to water bodies, resulting in elevated phytoplankton and nuisance plant growth. Heavily nitrate-contaminated groundwater can impair animal and human health. Ammonia and nitrous oxide also emit from urine patches, especially in anaerobic soil conditions (Ledgard and Luo, 2008). Several N leaching mitigation treatments are being evaluated in the Lake Taupo catchment (Ledgardet al., 2007) with salt, fed as a diuretic to cows during winter, showing most promise in modelling research (Bryantet al., 2007). This is probably because leaching losses from urine patches decrease exponentially as the load of N in urine patches decreases (Ledgard, 2001).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Costall DA and Betteridge K}
}
@conference {60932,
	title = {Strategically reducing time on pasture: Dairy cow intake, production, welfare, and excretory behaviour},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {15-19},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {In wet spring conditions, cows are often stood off pasture reducing their pasture intake. However, studies indicate that despite reduced grazing access, pasture intake and milk production can be maintained. This study restricted daily grazing access to eight hours in early lactation to determine the effect on pasture intake, milk production, and urination distribution. Forty-eight Holstein-Friesian cows were allocated to three duplicated treatments. Cows had access to pasture for either four hours after each milking (2x4), eight hours between milkings (1x8), or for 24 hours, excluding milking times (Control). When not grazing, the 2x4 and 1x8 treatments were stood off on a bark pad. The 1x8 cows ate less pasture (10.9 kgDM/cow/d; P <0.05) than the Control (13.6 kgDM/cow/d), but the 2x4 intake (13.0 kgDM/cow/d; P = 0.46) was not different to the Control. The 1x8 and 2x4 cows produced less milk (20.2 and 21.5 kg milk/cow/d respectively; P <0.05), relative to the Control (23.3 kg milk/cow/d). Urinations on pasture and races were reduced (P <0.05) from 90\% (Control) to 62\% (1x8) and 65\% (2x4) of total urinations. Eight-hours grazing per day should be offered as two four-hour periods to maintain cow pasture intakes, although milk yields are reduced. Corresponding changes in urination distribution may have environmental benefits. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McLeod KLM and Clark CEF and Glassey CB and Gregorini P and Costall DA and Betteridge K and Jago JG}
}
@conference {40448,
	title = {Intake and liveweight change of hoggets grazing pastures differing in dead matter content in autumn},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {29-32},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {White clover herbage in the vegetative stage of growth has a high nutritive value for milk production, but he high crude protein content could be better utilised if cows were given a suitable readily fermentable carbohydrate source. Six rumen fistulated Friesian cows in late lactation were housed in metabolism cages and fed either fresh white clover herbage or white clover and maize silage (50:50). The experiment was a cross over design that allowed measurement of nutrient intake, rumen function and milk production. At similar digestible organic matter intakes (9.6 kg/d vs 9.9 kg/d), replacing 50\% of the white clover dry matter with maize silage reduced crude protein intake by 30\% (3 kg/d vs 2.1 kg/d), and urinary N excretion from 251 gN/d to 137 gN/d without affecting milk yield (12.6 l/d vs 12.51 l/d) or milk protein output (400g/d vs 413 g/d). Rumen pH was similar for both treatments (6.1 vs 6.0) but there was a higher utilisation of neutral detergent fibre (2.6 kg/d vs 3.4 kg/d) when the cows were fed the mixed diet. The excess intake of nitrogen when the cows were fed white clover only was calculated to be largely wasted as ammonia absorbed from the rumen and excreted as urinary urea.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hawkins C and Betteridge K and Costall DA and Liu Y and Vallentine I and Parker WJ}
}
@conference {40416,
	title = {Wool production from wet and dry ewes on southern North Island hill country},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {217-220},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Two trials were conducted which examined the effect of duration  of CIDR},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Betteridge K and Lambert MG and Devantier BP and Budding PJ and Costall DA and Fletcher RH}
}
