@conference {42069,
	title = {Policy decision framework for conflicting world views on animal welfare issues},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {158-161},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Animal welfare policies deal with complex issues involving and resulting from, animal management in highly modified environments. How people consider and respond to animal welfare issues is value laden, constrained by the social norms of their peer-groups and influenced by conflicting scientific and popular opinions. In some cases, achieving a consensus about what constitutes the most socially desirable course of action to follow will simply not be possible. Instead, socially-resilient policies forged from mutual respect and understanding may be possible by bringing together the different world views of the conflicting parties in a planning model that enables them each to contribute transparently towards policy formulation. The 4-windows strategy for animal welfare policy formulation described in this paper, when applied to a farming practice of concern, such as lamb castration, can assist an agency like the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee to address the concerns of social groups outside of traditional scientific thinking and enable them to contribute to the policy process more fully. However, the 4-windows strategy may be more difficult when there is a lack of reliable information about the values and expectations of some social groups. Overall, this approach has implications for the way in which livestock farming in New Zealand may be influenced in the future by current social trends. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Parminter TG}
}
@conference {41501,
	title = {Understanding shepherding within lambing, and organic farming systems through acknowledging cultural, community and individual influences},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {183-187},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The way we farm depends on the species farmed, the environment, and on our beliefs, prejudices and expectations. A model was developed to consider cultural influences, community ethics, and individual goals to help understand shepherding and organic farming. Assisting sheep at lambing is reinforced by cultural expectations of what shepherds should do. Different management strategies are used depending on the sheep, their environment, and the costs and practicalities of supervision. Finally, the weight given to different factors may depend on the motivation of individuals in deciding to "live with the flock" or find better ways of managing lambing. Reflecting the different goals of agriculture, individuals were motivated to convert to organic farming by economic returns, the environment, chemical use, food safety and quality, animal health and welfare, and a desire to maintain rural communities. The safety of chemicals, food quality, and the environment are central to understanding the value of organics to the community. Finally, organic farming is informed by stories of {\textquotedblleft}being at one with nature{\textquotedblright} An understanding of the different beliefs that inform us of the way farming is, or should be, may result in a greater shared understanding of complex issues, and more equitable farming practices. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fisher MW and Small BH and Mackay AD and Kenny GJ and Jerebine BC and Parminter TG}
}
@conference {41407,
	title = {Strategies to encourage adoption: a case study of New Zealand farmers and their possum control practices},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {66-68},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {Ecological scientists and policy agencies have identified possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) as a pest of both biodiversity and agricultural production. However it has been unclear whether farmers would take action to control possums for biodiversity reasons if their potential threat to agriculture was reduced. In 2002 a survey was made of New Zealand livestock farmers, of whom 85\% had control measures in place. From the data, a regression model was developed for predicting farmers{\textquoteright} intentions to control possum numbers. The model had a squared multiple regression co-efficient of 62\%. The individual regression coefficients all had F probabilities <0.001. It is apparent that possum control on farms is mainly undertaken to reduce the threat of bovine tuberculosis (Tb) in cattle. Farmers are also more likely to take steps to control possum numbers when they consider it will reduce pasture damage, contribute to an overall reduction in farm pests, and reduce damage to their fruit trees and gardens. Control is discouraged by risks of poisoning farm dogs and high costs. Policy agencies will need to work with scientists to provide the information landowners need to encourage their greater commitment to possum control even when the Tb threat has been reduced. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Parminter TG and Wilson JA}
}
@conference {41344,
	title = {Genetic engineering and the public: Attitudes, beliefs, ethics and cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {179-182},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {A postal survey (n = 1682, margin of error 3\%) used a hypothetical milk product with medical benefits produced by genetically engineered (GE) cows as a stimulus to examine New Zealanders{\textquoteleft} support and attitudes towards GE for food and medicine. Beliefs about proposed benefits of GE, ethical issues associated with GE, and ethical perceptions about the status and treatment of cows were canvassed. Ten times as many respondents totally opposed GE food as totally supported it. Medical applications (15.6\%) received significantly more total support than GE food production (3.4\%). A majority of respondents were prepared to support GE under some circumstances (medicine 61.8\%, food 51.7\%) - implying their need for case-by-case analysis. Respondents disagreed GE will: cure the world{\textquoteleft}s major diseases, solve the world{\textquoteleft}s food problems, improve the quality of animal lives, be environmentally benign, or that the spread of GE organisms can be controlled. GE did not fit with respondents{\textquoteright} cultural and spiritual beliefs or basic principles. Although agreeing the instrumental use of cows by humans was acceptable, respondents strongly disagreed genetic modification of cows for human benefit was acceptable. Consistent significant differences were found between males and females on all the above issues. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Small BH and Peddersen JA and Wilson JA and Parminter TG}
}
@conference {40902,
	title = {Technology design and marketing: Case studies for beef cattle breeding},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {112-115},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {An assessment of farmer beliefs and attitudes to predict likely use of new beef breeding cow technologies was undertaken with farmers from Northland, King Country, and Hawke{\textquoteleft}s Bay. In workshops, farmers evaluated the use of twinning through embryo transfer, artificial insemination with sex-sorted encapsulated semen, and terminal sires. The proportions of farmers likely to use the technologies to some extent, were 55, 72, and 83\% respectively. Farmers identified the important interactions that would be expected to occur if the technologies were introduced into typical beef farming systems in their area. Attitudes towards each technology and towards selected technology attributes, indicated important considerations for future development of the technologies. These included their ability to: improve breeding cow returns; achieve easy care calvings; and integrate with sheep enterprise management to provide leafy feed for lambs. Consideration of these attributes in technology research, development, and marketing, is likely to improve technology uptake. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Parminter TG and Wilkinson RS and Tarbotton IS and Carter JC and Perkins AML and McMillan WH and Smeaton DC}
}
@conference {40641,
	title = {Making use of technology diffusion},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {389-392},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Diffusion is the process by which the adoption of new technologies  
spreads over time throughout the members of a social system.  Many science  
institutions target their extension efforts at adoption leaders in a population,  
and rely upon a trickle down of the technology to spread it to the general  
population. 
 
Diffusion is described as resulting from the effects of farmer characteristics,  
technology characteristics, farming systems, and communication networks  
available for diffusion. 
 
The process of diffusion is enhanced by extension activities, and much can be  
done by scientists to improve the value of their technology to intended  
recipients.  In order to do this, farmers should be involved during the  
development of technologies to identify the characteristics most important to  
them and their farming systems.  New technologies should be evaluated for  
their effects upon the whole farm system and upon farmer perception. 
 
Sufficient information is needed by potential adopters for them to successfully  
implement new technology.  The information they value most is provided by  
other farmers with scientific support for the essential principles they should  
apply. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Parminter TG and Parminter IA}
}
@conference {40642,
	title = {The use of a marketing approach to improve the development of new technologies: A case study},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {393-398},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {To predict farmer adoption of new technology, distinctive approaches  
have been developed within a number of social research disciplines.  Some of  
these have focused on the range of personal characteristics of farmers.  In  
others, marketing techniques have been used to analyse production limitations  
and farmer objectives to understand technology adoption.  Biological scientists  
in New Zealand have in general acknowledged a role for social scientists in  
describing the economic and social conditions surrounding farmer  
innovativeness, but have seldom allowed that to influence the development of  
new technology.  The central proposition this paper is that a marketing  
approach to the development of farm technologies will improve their adoption  
rate. 
 
A survey of farmers in New Zealand{\textquoteright}s Waitomo District has been previously  
reported in a study of their decisions to adopt beef breeding cow technologies  
(mating yearling heifers, using crossbred beef dairy cows, and terminal sires).   
In this paper ten attributes of the three technologies identified by farmers are  
reported as influencing their adoption or non-adoption decisions.  When these  
attributes were included in logit regression equations, the equations were 70- 
74\% correct in predicting which farmers had adopted technologies and which  
had not.  It is concluded that new technologies will only be adopted if they  
meet farmer expectations when applied within farm production systems.  To  
improve rates of adoption, researchers need a greater understanding of the  
attributes of new technologies that will be used by farmers to evaluate them.   
This can only be achieved by involving farmers at all stages of the  
developmental process. 
 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Parminter TG}
}
@conference {40470,
	title = {The effects on adoption of beef breeding cow technologies of selected farm business standards, farmer demographics, and farmer beliefs},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {121-126},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Parminter TG and Power MPB and Shaw DC}
}
