@conference {41808,
	title = {Epidemiology of Johne{\textquoteright}s disease in farmed red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) in New Zealand},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {117-121},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Johne{\textquoteleft}s disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (M. ptb), has emerged as a significant cause of losses on deer farms in New Zealand. It causes outbreaks of fatal clinical disease in young deer eight to 15 months of age, sporadic deaths in adults and production losses due to poor growth rates in yearlings, reduced calving percentages in hinds, reduced velvet production in stags, interference with tuberculosis testing and tuberculosis-like lesions in gut lymph nodes at slaughter. Although bovine and ovine strains have been isolated from deer, the bovine strain is more pathogenic and is responsible for the outbreaks of serious disease in young deer. Clinical disease results from heavy early challenge of young deer with the bovine strain. Mature animals are relatively resistant to infection. Calves are generally infected via the oral route from contaminated pasture and water. Intrauterine transmission to the foetus occurs commonly in clinically and subclinically infected hinds and infected milk may also play a role in transmission. Deer-to-deer transmission appears the most common route, although cattle-to-deer and sheep-to-deer transmission may occur. The role of wildlife is not known. Resistance to Johne{\textquoteleft}s disease has a genetic component, which appears to be related to resistance to bovine tuberculosis. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Mackintosh CG}
}
@conference {41787,
	title = {Reticulo-rumen growth and papillae development in farmed red calves from four to twelve weeks of age},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {47-48},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Ruminants are born with an underdeveloped forestomach (Warner et al., 1956) and as such operate as a monogastric animals until the reticulorumen (RR) and omasum have developed. The development of the rumen from birth to weaning has been well studied in dairy cattle (Heinrichs \& Lesmeister, 2005), but not farmed red deer. Understanding pre-weaning rumen developmental processes is required for feeding programmes aiming to maximise pre-weaning growth rates of young red deer calves for early venison production. This preliminary study aimed to document the changes in rumen growth and papillae development ...Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Thompson BR and Hofstra G and Hammond KJ and Mackintosh CG and Hoskin SO and Littlejohn RP and Stevens DR}
}
@conference {41960,
	title = {Johne{\textquoteright}s Disease : Management of a challenging disease},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {95-101},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {In the last 20 years Johne{\textquoteright}s disease, caused by infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Map), has emerged as one of the most important bacterial diseases affecting productivity in New Zealand farmed deer. In addition to clinical losses, subclinical infection results in reduced growth rates of young deer, lower reproductive performance and lighter velvet weights. Traditionally, microbial culture of faecal material or gut tissue has been used to confirm the presence of infection. The Disease Research Laboratory has recently developed a refined ELISA test thatmonitors IgG1 antibody (Paralisa) specific for antigens expressed uniquely by M. paratuberculosis. This test has acceptable sensitivity (75-91\%) and specificity (>98\%) for the detection of subclinically affected animals. The use of this test in severely infected deer herds can reduce the prevalence of reactors from high (>40\%) to low levels (<5\%) within 2-3 years and result in the elimination of clinical disease. Clinically detectable Johne{\textquoteright}s disease represents a minor proportion of the total number of animals infected in a herd so it is also important to have diagnostic tests that detect subclinically infected animals. Using the Paralisatest, it is now possible to implement management systems to electively remove infected deer to increase production and reproductive performances.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Griffin JF and Rodgers CR and Liggett SJ and Bell A and Mackintosh CG}
}
@conference {41453,
	title = {Impact of diseases on the NZ deer industry},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {262-268},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {The financial impact of a range of clinical and subclinical diseases, and mortalities on deer farms is difficult to assess because there are insufficient accurate survey data of their prevalence, causes or production losses on a national basis. However, estimates suggest that clinical disease and current disease control measures may cost the deer industry in excess of $29 million per annum currently, and it may be speculated that at least that amount may be lost due to loss of production from subclinical diseases, resulting in potential costs and losses approaching $60 million per annum. Application of existing knowledge of disease control and prevention on individual farms would significantly reduce this wastage immediately. In addition, investment to improve technology for disease diagnosis, control, prevention and/or eradication, along with adoption of that technology should yield significant dividends for the deer industry. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Mackintosh CG and Wilson PR}
}
@conference {41374,
	title = {Johne{\textquoteright}s disease in deer - prospects for control},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {303-306},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>This paper summarises current knowledge of Johne{\textquoteleft}s disease (JD) in farmed deer in New Zealand and discusses prevention and control options. JD in deer is caused by \&quot;bovine strains\&quot; and \&quot;ovine strains\&quot; of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Two clinical syndromes are recognised; sporadic cases in mixed age deer and serious outbreaks, affecting up to 15\% of groups, in 8 to 15 month old deer. Over 300 deer farms are known to be infected and the number is increasing. Studies have shown that the gel diffusion test is the most reliable test for confirming JD in clinically affected deer. However, none of the currently available serological or cell-mediated immunological tests is sufficiently sensitive or specific for detecting subclinical paratuberculosis in deer. Farms free of JD should prevent its introduction. Control options on infected deer farms are limited to management options: culling affected stock, culling test-positive animals or depopulation and restocking after 2 years. Vaccination may be the most cost-effective long term control option if a suitable vaccine can be developed. A voluntary market assurance programme for deer farms has been proposed, but implementation depends on the benefits to farmers and on the national deer farm JD prevalence being low enough to warrant it.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Mackintosh CG}
}
@conference {40336,
	title = {Artificial insemination and synchronised natural breeding in Red deer},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {327-332},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The cold resistance of cashmere wethers in which cashmere had  been harvested by shearing the while fleece, or by removal of down only  through repeated hand combings, was studied at two ambient temperatures  (10 C and 30 C) and two wind speeds (0 and 6 km/hr). Heat production  was calculated from oxygen consumption measured over 24 hours, in 8  pairs of goats fed at 1.25 times maintenance level. In shorn goats,  heat production increased by 50\% during exposure to 10 C (compared with  30 C) while the corresponding increase for combed goats was only 9\%.  The interaction between the effects of the low temperature and the  methods of fibre removal was significant (P<0.001). Similarly at 10 C,  exposure to a wind of 6km/hr caused a larger increase in heat production  in shorn goats than in combed goats; the interaction was significant  (P<0.05). The data show clearly that the combed goats were considerably  more resistant to cold conditions that the shorn goats.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Fennessy PF and Mackintosh CG and Shackell GH and Whaanga AJ}
}
