@conference {41702,
	title = {Calcium balance in mid and late pregnancy and vaginal prolapse},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {61-67},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {Given the hypothesis that Ca status may be implicated in bearings, the purpose of the research in 
experiment 1 was to observe Ca status in old twinewes in normal commercial conditions to determine 
whether an association exists, and in the second experiment to manipulate Ca status to determine its effects 
on the incidence of bearings. In experiment 1, Romney ewes, scanned as twin (n=12) or single (n=12) 
pregnant, on each of 7 farms were identified and sampled at approximately 60, 30 and 7 d before the onset of 
flock lambing. Whole flock bearing incidence was recorded. Eleven to 41\% of pregnant ewes from different 
farms had marginal serum Ca and Mg concentrations at 60 and 30 d before onset of lambing. No relationship 
was found between serum minerals and metabolite concentration and bearing incidence among farms. 
The objective of experiment 2 was to reduce bearings on farms with high historical incidences of bearings 
by increasing Ca loss in urine in mid-pregnancy (60 to30 d pre-lambing) followed by increasing Ca supply 
in late-pregnancy (30 to 0 d pre-lambing). Five farmers fed 100 twin pregnant ewes 35 g of anionic salts in 
300-500 g of supplemental pellets (DCAB -814 meq/kgDM) from 60 to 30 d before lambing. From 30 d 
these ewes were then injected with 4 ml of a long-acting vitamin D formulation (5 farms) while one farm 
also had an additional group supplemented with Ca (8g lime (ground calcium carbonate) /ewe) in an attempt 
to increase Ca availability. In addition, groups of ewes not treated withanionic salts were injected with 
vitamin D (2 farms) or supplemented with Ca (1 farm) from 30 d. Following consumption of anionic pellets 
in mid-pregnancy, the pH of the ewes{\textquoteright} urine was lower and urinary Ca:creatinine ratios were higher after 2 
(6.73 vs. 7.32, P<0.002; 0.47 vs. 0.16, P<0.003) and 4 weeks (6.26 vs.7.23, P<0.001; 0.58 vs. 0.14, P<0.003) 
of treatment. However, neither the feeding of anionic salts in mid-pregnancy nor the Ca or vitamin D 
supplements in late-pregnancy consistently changed Ca serum concentrations or bearing incidence. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Litherland AJ and Knight TW and Lambert MG and Cook TG and McDougal DBO and Day A}
}
@conference {41955,
	title = {The effects of zeranol or zinc supplementation before lambing on the incidence of vaginal prolapse in twinning ewes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {68-72},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Wanaka},
	abstract = {The objectives were to determine whether Zeranol (ZER) and its metabolites or pharmacological zinc levels could change the incidence of vaginal prolapse(bearings) in ewes. In the ZER experiment 100 twin pregnant ewes were controls, a further 50 ewes each received either two low (24 mg and then 12 mg) or two high (36 mg and then 24 mg) doses of zeranol (ZER) implants separated by a four-week interval with 65\% of treated ewes receiving an additional 12 mg implant at set stocking. Urine samples were collected from 12 ewes, twice weekly, bulked into three samples and analysed for Zearalenone (ZEN), ZER and creatinine. Two weeks after receiving an implant, the ZER:creatinine ratio increased from 2.6 in C ewes to 21, 30 and 36 and the ZEN ratio from 3.25 to 6.7, 10.8 and 14.7 following treatment with 12, 24 and 36 mg of ZER (P<0.01). One month after treatment the ZER and ZEN ratios had decreased but were still higher in treated than control ewes (ZER 3.6 vs.11, P<0.01; ZEN 1.2 vs.5.2, P<0.01). The bearing incidence was 3\%, 2\% and 2\% for control, low and high dose ZER respectively. In the second experiment 100 scanned twin or triplet pregnant ewes were administered with 72 g of zinc oxide (The Time Capsule {\textregistered}) as a ruminal bolus 4-6 weeks before lambing on four farms with historical high incidences of bearings. Pre-treatment and all control serum zinc concentrations were low (9.4 {\textpm}0.2 mmol/L) but not considered deficient. Zinc supplementation increased serum zinc concentrations to 21.5 mmol/L (P<0.001). Bearing incidence was higher (P<0.001) in zinc-treated (4\%) than in control ewes (1.9\%). In conclusion, bearings are not caused by ingestion of ZEN in late pregnancy. The role of zinc in bearings warrants further study.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Litherland AJ and Knight TW and McDougall DBO and Cook TG and Sprosen J and Lambert MG}
}
@conference {41503,
	title = {Effect of ergot alkaloids on liveweight gain and urine lysergol level in ewe hoggets and heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {192-196},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Ingestion of ergot alkaloids can reduce live-weight gain (LWG) in sheep and cattle. The objective of this experiment was to determine if the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for urinary lysergol level provided an accurate measure of ergot alkaloid dietary intake. Forty hoggets and 60 heifers were fed ryegrass seed containing ergovaline (EV) (0.0 to 75.0 {\textmu}g EV/kg LW hogget; 0.0 to 35.0 {\textmu}g EV/kg LW heifer) daily. The feeding trial was repeated after 30 days for the hoggets. Urine lysergol:creatinine ratio increased linearly for hoggets from 1.91 to 5.80 (P<0.001) and LWG was linearly suppressed from 110 to 60 g/d (P<0.01) and 30 days later, from 35 to -130 g/d (P<0.05) for intakes of 0.0 to 75.0 {\textmu}g EV/kg LW. Heifer urine lysergol:creatinine ratio increased linearly from 1.60 to 5.21 and LWG declined from 1.0 to 0.85 kg/d for intakes of 0.0 to 35.0 {\textmu}g EV/kg LW (P<0.05). Urinary lysergol:creatinine ratio increased by 0.056 {\textpm} 0.007 (P<0.001, r2 = 0.67) in hoggets and by 0.082 {\textpm} 0.006 (P<0.001, r2 = 0.77) in heifers, for every 1 {\textmu}g EV/kg LW consumed. These studies demonstrated a strong relationship between ergot alkaloid dietary intake and urine lysergol:creatinine ratio. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Layton DL and Fletcher LR and Litherland AJ and Scannell MG and Sprosen J and Hoogendoorn CJ and Lambert MG}
}
@conference {41504,
	title = {Ill-thrift in young growing cattle and sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {197-202},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {A questionnaire survey was designed to gauge consumer interest in goat meat.  The questionnaire was responded to  by 98 households living in or near Tokyo. The main results of the survey are as follows. 1) Impression of goat meat;  61\% of the respondents indicated that goat meat was {\`\i}not common in their home{\^\i}. 2) Consumer experience; only 16\%  of the respondents had experience of eating goat meat and they felt goat meat is {\`\i}smelly{\^\i}(50\%), {\`\i}tender{\^\i}(38\%) and  {\`\i}delicious{\^\i}(31\%). 3) The two main reasons why consumers have not eaten goat meat were {\`\i}lack of purchasing  opportunity{\^\i}(78\%) and {\`\i}don{\'\i}t feel like eating it{\^\i}(18\%). 4) Options to promote goat meat consumption; 52\% of  respondents who have not eaten goat meat were prepared  to purchase if it was available in the supermarket at a  reasonable price and if recipes were added with the meat package. 5) Reasons for people not purchasing goat meat  included {\`\i}dislike of new meat{\^\i} and {\`\i}pity for the goat{\^\i}.  These results show that goat meat can be promoted to the Japanese households as {\`\i}a new product{\^\i} if the price is  reasonable and recipes are added to the package. However,  a considerable number of market strategies need to be  implemented to achieve the acceptance of goat meat by Japanese consumers.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Litherland AJ and Layton DL and Boom CJ and Knight TL and Hyslop M and Lambert MG and Cook TL}
}
@conference {41354,
	title = {Implementation of environmental regulations on-farm},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {219-224},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>A case study of the consultative process concerning water clarity in Lake Taupo was used to identify the key elements required to reach consensus between land-owners, users and regulatory authorities. These elements included: the identification of all stakeholders; impacts at the farm level where individual behaviour change must occur; the scientific validity of data used and the decision support models available to assess biological and economic impacts. The importance of the consultative {\textquoteleft}process{\textquoteleft} itself and the need for sufficient time for this process to occur were other key elements. The Lake Taupo case study was then compared with the larger scale issue of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from New Zealand agriculture. We concluded that a much greater level of scientific uncertainty existed for the effect of GHG emissions on climate change than for Lake Taupo water clarity. This fact, coupled with the potentially much greater economic impacts on agriculture and individual farmers helped explain farmer reluctance to accept proposed solutions. Findings from the Lake Taupo study suggest the way forward in the GHG emission debate requires a major improvement in the underpinning science and a clearer understanding of the implications of GHG emission control at the farm scale. Mitigation options must consider both physical and financial inputs and outputs. The consultative process must involve farmers at policy, economic and science levels and be long enough to cover all issues.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Clark DA and Lambert MG}
}
@conference {41333,
	title = {Seasonal variations in pasture quality on New Zealand sheep and beef farms},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {138-142},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Nineteen sheep and beef farmers in the Waikato, Tararua, Canterbury and Southland regions collected two pre-grazing pasture samples offered to either lambs or bulls once every month from autumn 2000 to autumn 2001. One sample of pasture on offer was collected to ground level and the other was hand plucked to represent pasture selected by animals. The samples were analysed by NIRS for chemical composition and dissected into morphological components. Energy concentration of herbage was lowest in autumn and highest in spring. Energy concentrations of offered pasture were 8.1, 9.2, 7.6 and 10.0 MJME/kg DM in autumn and 10.3, 11.6, 10.8 and 11.4 MJME/kg DM in spring in Waikato, Tararua, Canterbury and Southland, respectively. Crude-protein, fibre and soluble-carbohydrate concentrations reflected the changes in ME. Variations in dead material and reproductive stem were the main causes of changes in ME. Predicted liveweight gain of 350-kg bulls grazing pasture with a pre- and post-grazing herbage mass of 2500 and 1500 kgDM/ha respectively, were 0.4, 0.8, 0.0, and 1.1 kg/d in autumn, and 1.2, 1.5, 1.4 and 1.6 kg/d in spring, for Waikato, Tararua, Canterbury and Southland regions, respectively. It is concluded that high animal performance in summer and autumn may not be achieved in summer-warm regions without the addition of high-quality forages or supplements. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Litherland AJ and Woodward SJR and Stevens DR and McDougal DB and Boom CJ and Knight TL and Lambert MG}
}
@conference {41230,
	title = {Can a mathematical model accurately predict intake of grazing animals? Testing the Q-Graze model},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {4-7},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {A decision support model, Q-Graze, was developed to assist farmers with grazing management decisions based on visual assessments of pasture quality. To evaluate the model{\textquoteright}s ability to predict dry matter intake and diet composition, it was tested against pre- and post-grazing herbage mass and composition data from a trial conducted at the Whatawhata Research Centre involving bulls and steers grazing mixed-species hill pasture. Q-Graze was able to predict apparent intakes of grass leaf, grass stem, legume, weed, dead material and total dry matter with means and residual standard deviations 6.4 {\textpm} 1.5, 0.6 {\textpm} 1.3, 1.3 {\textpm} 0.7, 1.2 {\textpm} 0.8, 1.5 {\textpm} 1.4 and 10.6 {\textpm} 2.3 kg DM per animal per day, respectively. These predictions accounted for R2 = 83\%, 15\%, 76\%, 73\%, 54\% and 55\%, respectively of the variation in the apparent intakes calculated from the data. This indicates that Q-Graze is able to predict herbage intake and diet selection of cattle grazing mixed hill-country pastures to a high degree of correlation. The limiting factor was the measurement error of pre- and post-grazing herbage mass, rather than the model design. Model testing for additional animal and pasture types is currently being undertaken. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Woodward SJR and Lambert MG and Litherland AJ and Boom CJ}
}
@conference {41177,
	title = {Effects of yarding and transport on muscle glycogen concentration in beef cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {124-125},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Low ultimate-pH of beef is desirable because it enhances shelf life, colour and tenderness. Pre-slaughter stress is thought to deplete muscle glycogen and in extreme cases lead to higher ultimate pH of beef. Seventeen-month-old steers were allocated to three treatments (n=15): Control (C, grazing on pasture), Yarded (Y, held for 24 hours in cattle yards) and Yarded plus Transported (YT, as for Y but also trucked for 4 hours during the 24-hour yarding period). The Y and YT animals lost weight (average 25.5 kg) during time off pasture. Plasma glucose and lactate did not differ across treatments. Plasma cortisol and creatine kinase concentrations were increased by YT and plasma non-esterified fatty acids concentration by both Y and YT. Despite these indicators of occurrence of mild stress, especially in YT, muscle (longissimus dorsi) glycogen concentration was not influenced by treatments. Results suggest that increased emphasis on improved animal handling during yarding and trucking of cattle is unlikely to markedly lower the incidence of high-pH beef. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lambert MG and Knight TW and Cosgrove GP and Death AF and Anderson CB}
}
@conference {41158,
	title = {Herbage quality and growth rate of single and twin lambs at foot},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {55-57},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Single and twin lamb growth rates, herbage mass and quality were monitored 3-5 times from birth to weaning on 6 farms in the southern North Island. Lambs (n = 50-80/farm) were tagged and weighed at birth, and ewes (n = 20-50/farm) grazing with the monitored lambs were tagged and weighed from docking. The average live weight gain (LWG) from birth to weaning was 273 g/d (229-311) and 220 g/d (152-279) for single and twin lambs respectively (P<0.001) and remained relatively static over the lactation period. Mean herbage energy concentration averaged 10.5 MJME/kg DM during the first two months of lactation but had declined to 8.9 by weaning (P<0.001). In conclusion, twin lamb growth rates on hill country are considerably lower than those of single lambs. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Litherland AJ and Lambert MG}
}
@conference {41155,
	title = {Incidence of bearings in ewes that had a bearing the preceding lambing},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {44-46},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {In the summer of 1998/9, 220 mixed-age breeding ewes were obtained from eight North Island farms. Half of these ewes had had a bearing in 1998 (PB ewes) and the other half were flock mates that had not (NB ewes). Ewes were fed in excess of their requirements from eight weeks before lambing and ewe condition had increased by 0.4 CS units by lambing. At scanning 15\% of PB ewes were dry compared to 10\% of the NB ewes. Pregnant PB and NB ewes also had similar scanning percentages (151\% vs 142\% respectively). Twenty percent of PB ewes had a bearing in 1999 (17\% in single and 29\% in twin pregnant ewes) compared with 0\% in NB ewes (P<0.001). Pre-lambing bearings occurred 18 {\textpm}2 days (2-33 days) before lambing. There was a 5\% bearing incidence after lambing. Eleven percent of the ewes treated for bearings died before lambing and 78\% of surviving treated ewes produced a live lamb. In conclusion, high feeding levels in late pregnancy do not necessarily cause bearings. Ewes with bearings should be clearly identified and culled as they are more likely to have bearings the following year.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Litherland AJ and Lambert MG and Knight TW and Cook T and McDougal DB}
}
@conference {41180,
	title = {Muscle glycogen and blood parameters in genetic strains of Angus cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {132-134},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Angus selection and control herds in two long-term breeding studies were compared for muscle glycogen and blood parameters pre-slaughter. Trial 1 involved 3 years of bulls (n=85) from a yearling-weight (W) selection herd and a control (C1) herd, differing by 19\% in yearling weight. Trial 2 involved one year of steers (n=45) from an experiment to increase age at puberty (A+ herd) or to reduce age at puberty (A- herd), relative to a control (C2) herd, with age at puberty differing from the C2 mean by 11\% (A+) and -10\% (A-). In Trial 1, muscle biopsies were taken for glycogen assay (Years 1 and 2), and blood samples were taken (Years 1-3) for creatine kinase, cortisol, lactate, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose; animals in Trial 2 (Year 2 only) were sampled at the same time as Trial 1. Samples were taken at 17 months of age (Year 1), 10 and 19 months (Year 2), and 19 and 20 months (Year 3, with an extra blood trait added). Muscle glycogen concentration was 19\% higher in the W than C1 herd (P<0.05), and it was significantly lower in the A+ herd than in the other two herds (P<0.001). Cortisol (P<0.05) and glucose concentrations (P<0.01) were lower in the W than the C1 herd; NEFA was higher in the C2 herd than in the A- or A+ herds (P<0.05). No other blood parameters differed between herds. Repeatabilities for the 5 main blood traits in Trial 1 ranged from 0.14 to 0.38, being highest for creatine kinase (if excluding outliers), but repeatabilities were all low in Trial 2 (highest value only 0.13). The main conclusions came from Trial 1, in which most data had been collected, namely that across-year differences were found for 3 traits between herds (muscle glycogen, cortisol and glucose). },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Morris CA and Lambert MG and Knight TW and Fisher AD}
}
@conference {41092,
	title = {Effects of herbage mass and ewe condition score at lambing on lamb survival and liveweight gain},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {104-107},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Scanned, twin-bearing mixed aged ewes (n=1276) were set-stocked (7.5 {\textpm} 0.1 ewes ha-1) over the lactation period at either high or low condition score (CS) (2.51 vs 1.52) and high or low herbage mass (HM) (1160 vs 880 kg DM ha-1 ) in an experiment replicated on 5 farms in Wairarapa. Three farms lambed early (27 August to 4 September 1997) and were summer-dry and two lambed later (22 to 27 September 1997) and were summer-wet. High ewe CS may have improved lamb survival (167 vs 150\%, P=0.13) through reduction in estimated lamb mortality (17 vs 25\%, P<0.01) on late lambing farms where weather conditions were adverse at lambing, but had no effect on early lambing farms where lambing conditions were more favourable. Ewe CS had no effect on either lamb or ewe LWG. High HM may have reduced lamb mortality on early lambing farms (10 vs 14\%, P<0.05) where ewes were under greater nutritional stress than on late farms. Additional HM at set-stocking increased lamb LWG up to docking by 11 g d-1 per 100 kg DM ha-1 increase (P<0.03) on early farms but had no effect on late farms. Lamb LWG from docking to weaning was unaffected by set-stocking HM. The overall effect of an increase in set-stocking HM by 100 kg DM ha-1 was to increase lamb weaning weight by 2 kg on early farms. Additional HM at set stocking increased ewe LWG from birth to docking by 33 g d-1 per 100 kg DM ha-1 increase (P<0.001) but decreased LWG from docking to weaning by 18 g d -1 per 100 kg DM ha-1 increase. This response was similar on early and late lambing farms. On early farms there was a net increase in ewe liveweight at weaning of 1.6 kg for each 100 kg DM ha -1 increase in lambing HM. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lambert MG and Litherland AJ and McLaren PN}
}
@conference {41143,
	title = {The relationship between beef ultimate pH, breed of cattle, muscle glycogen and enzyme levels and animal behaviour},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {287-290},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {To determine the incidence of high ultimate pH (pHu) across farms 967 cattle were involved in a survey which showed 3\% of Angus, 21\% of Simmental cross and 60\% of the Friesians steers had an pHu above the acceptable maximum of 5.8. In further work, muscle (longissimus dorsi) biopsies samples were taken from 60 two-year-old Angus, Simmental cross and Friesian steers (n = 20 per breed) in late November and assayed for glycogen concentration and enzyme concentrations that indicated muscle fibre type. Behaviour measurements were made on all animals before slaughter. Individual measurements of carcass characteristics were made 22-24 hours after slaughter, including carcass weight, pHu, meat colour score, and fat depth (GR). Only one carcass had a pHu above 5.8 and there was no pHu difference between breeds (5.53, 5.55, and 5.58 for Angus, Simmental cross, and Friesian, respectively). There was no difference between breeds in the glycogen concentration in the muscle, although there were differences in enzyme concentrations that suggested differences between breeds in the proportion of the three muscle fibre types. Flight distance were small (4-7 m) but longer for Friesian than Simmental cross steers. There were no relationships between meat pHu and flight distance, glycogen concentration or muscle enzyme concentrations. Breed did not appear to effect pHu or muscle glycogen concentration. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Webby RW and Fisher AD and Lambert MG and Turner P}
}
@conference {41040,
	title = {Exercise effects on muscle glycogen concentration in beef cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {243-244},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Low ultimate-pH of beef is desirable because it increases shelf life and has beneficial effects on colour and tenderness. Industry recommendations are that beef animals are not exercised strenuously prior to trucking, as this may trigger depletion of muscle glycogen and lead to higher beef pH. In 2 experiments, 400-500 kg 18-month-old steers were exercised at a range of intensities up to 5 km distance at 8 km/hr. Biopsy samples from the longissimus dorsi muscle were taken and glycogen concentration measured. Although plasma lactate levels were elevated by exercise there was no significant depletion in muscle glycogen concentration (average 17.7 mg/g tissue). Depletion may have occurred had animals been heavier and fatter, or if the exercise regime had been more severe. Alternatively, it may be that at the level of exercise imposed (which was severe by farm-practice standards), animals also needed to be emotionally stressed in order to precipitate a depletion of glycogen, through a combination of muscle contractile and adrenergic reactions. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lambert MG and Knight TW and Cosgrove GP and Anderson CB and Death AF and Fisher AD}
}
@conference {41045,
	title = {Pregnancy diagnosis of twinning beef cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {259-261},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Technology now exists to make beef cows twin-pregnant. Accurate detection of pregnancy status is a prerequisite for differential management of twin and single-bearing cows. Calving outcome for about 50 beef cows was compared with predicted outcome by foetal counting using transrectal ultrasonography at day 50-70 of pregnancy, and veterinary palpation to confirm pregnancy at day 111-156. The trial ran for 4 annual calvings, and different combinations of scanning operator and equipment were used in each year. Overall accuracy of prediction of calving outcome ranged from 74-94\%, and did not differ for cows carrying singles or twins. Prediction accuracy was highest in the 2 years where scanning equipment provided a high degree of visual detail, and the operator was experienced in distinguishing foetal abnormalities. It was concluded that the combination of early foetal counting using ultrasound, and later determination of wet/dry status by palpation, could lead to levels of accuracy close to those being achieved by competent commercial scanning operators for sheep. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lambert MG and Perkins NR and Devantier BP and Knight TW and Betteridge K}
}
@conference {40926,
	title = {Age at castration after puberty has no effect on carcass weight.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {196},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Bulls grow faster than steers but produce meat with lower quality, which presents fewer marketing opportuni-ties. Castration post-puberty improves several attributes of meat quality compared with bulls and theoretically it could be used to exploit the faster growth rates of bulls. How-ever, the 23 kg liveweight advantage of bulls over steers, when surgically castrated at 17 months-of-age, was lost in the subsequent 5 months to slaughter, because of poorer post-castration growth rate (Cosgrove et al.1996). It was not clear whether this was because of stress from surgical castration, or physiological effects associated with their age at castration. This trial examined the effect of age at castration on subsequent growth rate and carcass character-istics at slaughter.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cosgrove GP and Knight TW and Death AF and Lambert MG}
}
@conference {40867,
	title = {Effects of post-pubertal castration and diet on growth rate and meat quality of bulls},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {390-393},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {By castrating bulls post-puberty and then finishing before slaughter it  may be possible to obtain both the higher growth rate of bulls but the meat  quality of steers. Of 50 crossbred bulls, 20 were castrated at 10 months-of  age (steers) and 20 castrated at 17 months-of age (castrates). One month  after the latter castration, all animals commenced a 100 day finishing period  and were slaughtered at the end. Ten steers and 10 castrates were fed a diet  of 50\% barley : 50\% silage while the rest grazed brassica crop and pasture.  Bulls were 20 kg heavier than steers at post-pubertal castration (388 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cosgrove GP and Knight TW and Lambert MG and Death AF}
}
@conference {40865,
	title = {Winter feeding of twinning beef cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {382-385},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A grazing trial was conducted in southern North Island hill country  during 1994, to determine the influence of pasture allowance during winter  on cow/calf performance of 40 twin- (T) and 40 single-calf (S) bearing  Friesian-cross beef cows. Groups of T and S cows were grazed at low (L),  medium (M) and high (H) pasture allowances for the last 4 months of  gestation. Average LW in late autumn was 467 kg, and change up to 4 weeks pre- calving was LS -7.8\%, MS -2.4\%, HS +1.5\%, LT -8.1\%, MT -3.0\%, HT - 3.5\%, suggesting S cows responded to a increased pasture allowance in late  gestation, but T only to M and no further to H. Blood serum bOH  concentration, which was used as a measure of energy status, was not  influenced by allowance treatment, but T (2.2 mmol/l) had higher  concentrations than S (0.9). Twinning cows had a shorter gestation length  than S cows (277 vs 284 d). Twin calves were lighter at birth (30.9 vs 44.2  kg), had lower perinatal survival (73 vs 96\%), and grew more slowly to 4  months of age than single calves (0.76 vs 1.11 kg/d). Our results suggest that },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lambert MG and Devantier BP and Betteridge K and McMillan WH and Pugh PA}
}
@conference {40416,
	title = {Wool production from wet and dry ewes on southern North Island hill country},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {217-220},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Two trials were conducted which examined the effect of duration  of CIDR},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Betteridge K and Lambert MG and Devantier BP and Budding PJ and Costall DA and Fletcher RH}
}
@conference {39802,
	title = {Animal production from hill country: Effect of fertiliser and grazing management},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1982},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {173-176},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {In each of 2 years mixed age Coopworth ewes (1978, 58 kg; 1979, 55 kg) were randomised immediately before lambing and offered a range of herbage allowances (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kg DM ewe) from mixed pasture of contrasting mass (1978, 2300 v 4140; 1979, 2100 v 3600 kg/ha) and lucerne (1978, 4390 kg/ha; 1979, 3000 kg/ha) until weaning at 10 weeks post-lambing. Final ewe weight, weight change, weight of lamb weaned per ewe and ewe fleece weight all increased with allowance. Lamb weaning weights started to level off above 8 kg DM/ewe but ewe gains and fleece weight continued to increase. On the higher-mass pasture ewes were lighter in 1978 and lambs were lighter in 1979. Lucerne-fed ewes lost more weight and produced less wool, but had similar (1978) or heavier (1979) lambs at weaning than pasture-fed ewes. The importance of feeding during lactation on lamb weaning weight was highlighted and management implications discussed.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Clark DA and Lambert MG}
}
@conference {39796,
	title = {Diet selection by goats and sheep on hill country},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1982},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {155-158},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Diet quality was measured using oesophageally-fistulated lactating Dorset ewes offered herbage allowances of 8 (H), 5 (M) and 2 (L) kg DM/ewe/d. Ewes on all allowances tended to have a similar selection preference for grass and clover; those on H and M allowances consumed proportionately more clover and less dead material than L ewes. The mean DDM of herbage selected by ewes in H and M groups averaged 0.790 and was 0.734 for L ewes compared with 0.727 for sward samples taken pre-grazing. The ME content of DM consumed by H and M ewes was 7\% greater than for L ewes. It is suggested that the lower digestibility of the diets of L ewes was due to a higher consumption of dead material and plant stalk than in ewes on H and M allowances.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Clark DA and Lambert MG and Rolston MP and Dymock N}
}
@conference {39717,
	title = {Modelling a hill-country sheep production system},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1981},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {90-94},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Field TRO and Clark DA and Lambert MG}
}
@conference {39593,
	title = {Management effects on productivity of southern North Island hill country},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1978},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {110-115},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Grant DA and Lambert MG and Guy MC}
}
