@conference {41571,
	title = {Effect of pre- and postpartum pasture feeding intakes on postpartum anoestrous intervals in dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {221-224},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Extended postpartum anoestrous intervals (PPAI) are the predominant source of infertility on New Zealand dairy farms. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to investigate pre- and postpartum pasture feeding levels on PPAI. Sixty-eight multiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows due to calve in the first three weeks of the calving period were randomly assigned to a high (11.9 kg DM/cow/day) or low (4.8 kg DM/cow/day) pasture feeding intake for 29 {\textpm} 7.7 days pre partum. After calving, cows within each prepartum feeding level were assigned to a high (13.5 kg DM/cow/day) or low (8.6 kg DM/cow/day) pasture feeding intake for 35 days. At 35 days post partum, cows were grazed as a single group with pasture silage supplementation. Concentrations of progesterone were determined in milk samples collected on Mondays and Thursdays until cows were confirmed to have resumed oestrous cycles or until one week before planned start of mating. High intakes pre-calving increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of cows cycling by the third week postpartum (38 {\textpm} 8\%) compared with a low pre-calving intake (13 {\textpm} 6\%). There was a tendency (P = 0.07) for a reduced mean PPAI in the high (29.7 {\textpm} 2.6 days) versus low (33.4 {\textpm} 2.3 days) pre-calving intake treatments, among cows that initiated oestrous cycles during the experimental period. Post-calving intake did not affect PPAI (P = 0.4), nor was an interaction detected. Body condition score (BCS) at all time points in this study, including before treatments were initiated, was negatively correlated with PPAI (P < 0.05). In contrast, PPAI was not associated (P > 0.1) with changes in BCS during the pre- or post-calving periods, or with milk production characteristics. In this study, resumption of oestrous cycling post partum was strongly linked to pre-existing differences in BCS, and modified by pre-calving pasture intake, but not influenced by feeding intakes or milk production characteristics in early lactation.
KEYWORDS: anoestrus; nutrition; dairy cow. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Burke CR and Roche JR and Aspin PW and Lee JM and Taufa VK}
}
@conference {41471,
	title = {Efficacy of pre-mating supplementation with mono propylene glycol on reproductive performance of cows in commercial dairy herds},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {53-57},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Prolonged postpartum anoestrous intervals (PPAI) are the major source of infertility in New Zealand dairy cows. Postpartum supplementation with mono propylene glycol (MPG) was previously shown to reduce PPAI in heifers. The present experiment tested this treatment in four large commercial dairy herds. During the six-week period preceding the planned start of mating (PSM; week 0), cows were drenched either once (1xMPG) or twice (2xMPG) daily with 200 ml MPG, or served as untreated controls (CON). Analyses were confined to the group of cows that were anoestrus at Week {\textendash}6 or calved between Week {\textendash}6 and Week {\textendash}4 relative to PSM (n = 662 to 669 per treatment). Change in body condition score between Week {\textendash}6 and Week {\textendash}1(∆BCS), and proportion of cows that were anoestrus at Week {\textendash}1 were influenced by herd, age and time of calving (P<0.05) but not by treatment (P>0.1). Treatment did not influence the proportion of anoestrous-treated cows inseminated after oestrus detection (n =263), or the pregnancy rate among all cows. Pre-mating supplementation with MPG did not influence ∆BCS, the percentage of cows that were anoestrus at Week {\textendash}1, or rates of submission and conception. Change in BCS affected both milk yield and pregnancy rates, where cows that gained BCS produced less milk but showed higher 6-week pregnancy rates. This study highlighted that key factors influencing the percentage of anoestrus at PSM are cow age, time of calving and management of the herd. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Tunon GE and Taufa VK and Burke CR and Holmes CW and Chagas LM}
}
@conference {41278,
	title = {CowTrakker technology for improved heat detection},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {172-175},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Devices designed to detect motion (CowTrakker{\texttrademark}, Bou-Matic, USA) were attached to Holstein-Friesian cows of either NZ or overseas origin. Animals of each strain either grazed pasture or were fed a total mixed ration. Milk samples were collected twice weekly and progesterone content analysed to identify ovulation events. Cows had tail paint applied from 2 weeks after calving, and were observed twice daily at milking for oestrous activity. Recording continued until 6 weeks after the planned start of mating (PSM). Cows were artificially inseminated following a progesterone-based synchrony programme at PSM. CowTrakker{\texttrademark} data were analysed using four algorithms (T3/1, T3/3, T10/1 and T10/3), which varied according to the period of the rolling average used (3 or 10 days) and the standard deviations from that average (1 or 3). These measurements were related to behavioural observations and the occurrence of ovulation. There was a significant number of false positive events detected by the CowTrakker with all algorithms (sensitivity: 12.3, 46.9, 62.3 and 81.5\%; specificity: 67.1, 88.4, 95.4 and 99.0\%, for T3/1, T3/3, T10/1 and T10/3, respectively) as compared to behavioural observations alone (sensitivity: 71.6\%; specificity: 99.6\%). The CowTrakker{\texttrademark} was a useful heat detection aid, but must be used in conjunction with careful behavioural observations in order to interpret the high proportion of false positive events that are recorded.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Verkerk GA and Claycomb RW and Taufa VK and Copeman P and Napper A and Kolver E}
}
@conference {41220,
	title = {Patterns of luteinising hormone release and embryo recovery following superovulation of cycling and anoestrous lactating dairy cows and in non-lactating cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {295-296},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Lactating dairy cows, either during postpartum anoestrus (LA; n=10) or returned to oestrous cyclicity (LC; n=10), and cycling non-lactating dairy cows (DC; n=10) were superovulated with follicle-stimulating hormone during a progesterone supplementation treatment, inseminated and embryos recovered non-surgically 7 days later. Blood samples were obtained during the period of oestrus to determine plasma concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH). Number of corpora lutea varied (14.6{\textpm}1.6, 8.1{\textpm}1.5, and 8.7{\textpm}1.9 for LC, LA and DC cows, respectively; P<0.02), but not the total number of all ova and embryos, or the total number of transferable embryos per cow. There were no significant differences between groups in either mean time from start of sampling to peak LH (37.0{\textpm}3.9, 34.5{\textpm}3.6 and 36.2{\textpm}4.5 hours for LC, LA and DC cows, respectively) or mean LH peak (12.5{\textpm}3.6, 16.6{\textpm}3.3 and 13.4{\textpm}4.2 ng/ml for LC, LA and DC cows, respectively).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Verkerk GA and Taufa VK and Hooper R}
}
@conference {40994,
	title = {Effects of oestradiol benzoate by injection at CIDR insertion for the treatment of postpartum anovulatory anoestrus in dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {82-84},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effect of an intramuscular (im) injection of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) at insertion of an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (CIDRTM, InterAg, NZ) during hormonal treatment for postpartum anoestrum in dairy cattle was investigated. Inclusion of injected ODB at CIDRTM insertion in synchronisation programmes for cycling cows can increase fertility, possibly by initiating an emergence of a new ovarian follicle wave with resultant improved oocyte competence. A total of 882 cows, of mixed age and breed from 18 herds, were examined and diagnosed as anoestrous during the week preceding each herd{\textquoteright}s planned start of mating. Cows were allocated randomly as controls or to receive 0.5 or 1 mg ODB (Oestradiol Benzoate Inj., Intervet, Netherlands) by im injection at CIDRTM insertion. The device was removed after 7 days, and any cow which was not observed in spontaneous oestrus within 48 h received 1 mg ODB im (CIDIROLTM Injection, InterAg, NZ). Cows with an observed heat within 12 days of CIDRTM removal were defined as responders, and returns to service in the subsequent 30 days were recorded. There were no significant differences between the control, 0.5 and 1 mg ODB treatments for either the proportion responding (89.5\%, 89.4\% and 90.9\%, respectively) or returning (52.3\%, 50.3\% and 55.4\%, respectively); however the proportions of cows observed in spontaneous oestrus varied by treatment (P<0.01; 28.5\%, 22.9\% and 17.2\% for control, 0.5 and 1 mg ODB treatments, respectively). Conception rates were not significantly affected by treatment (35.9\%, 42.5\% and 43.2\% for control, 0.5 and 1 mg ODB treatments, respectively). Of cows which did not become pregnant to the induced oestrus, 21.7\%, 20.7\% and 29.9\% for control, 0.5 and 1 mg ODB treatments respectively, returned to service with an interval of more than 24 days. These observations suggest that an injection of ODB at CIDRTM insertion may alter follicle wave patterns in cows with PPA, but that this may not result in increased conception rate, and might be detrimental to ovarian activity in a proportion of cows. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Verkerk GA and Taufa VK and Morgan S and Clark BA and Macmillan KL}
}
@conference {40993,
	title = {Factors influencing the prevalence of postpartum anoestrus in New Zealand dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {79-81},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine the association between age, interval from calving (PPI) and breeding worth (BW) and prevalence of postpartum anoestrus (AA), as well their effect on response to hormonal treatment by anoestrous dairy cows. Individual cow details were collated from 6649 cycling and 2446 AA animals in 29 herds. Probability of AA was influenced by herd and was negatively related to PPI and age (p<0.001); but was not related to BW (p>0.05). Response of AA cows to treatment with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate was evaluated using a subset of 1482 anoestrous cows. Within 7 days of treatment, oestrus was detected in 87.1\% cows and conception rate to insemination during this period was 42.2\%. Oestrous response varied between herds but was not influenced by BW, PPI or age (p>0.1). Conception rate was positively related to PPI (p<0.001), but was not influenced by BW or age (p>0.1). It is concluded that in commercial dairy herds the likelihood of a cow being AA is greatest in young and recently calved animals, but is not influenced by breeding worth.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Rhodes FM and Clark BA and Nation DP and Taufa VK and Macmillan KL and Day ML and Day AM and McDougall S}
}
@conference {40998,
	title = {Some Effects of Using Progesterone and Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone on the Reproductive Performance of Inseminated Cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {92-94},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The administration of progesterone (P4) within 3 days following insemination can reduce pregnancy rates. In contrast, an injection of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) at about 12 or 13 days after insemination can increase them by around 10\%. This field trial tested the hypothesis that the negative effects reported for the P4 treatment on fertility could be eliminated by strategically injecting GnRH to convert the two ovarian follicle waves per cycle created by using P4, into three wave ones, with increased fertility. A total of 830 cows in 13 dairy herds received comparative treatments involving: (i) the insertion of a P4 intravaginal device 2 or 3 days after first insemination (1st insem.) for 10 days, with an injection of 10 mg of GnRH at device removal (P4 + GnRH); (ii) the same GnRH treatment but without P4 pre-treatment (GnRH); and, (iii) no post-insemination intervention (Control). Pregnancy status and conception date were confirmed by rectal palpation of uterine contents Calving data were recovered from 10 herds to monitor gestation length, dystocia and calf birth weight. The conception rates to 1st insem. were highest for the 255 cows treated with GnRH (64\%; p = 0.05), but similar in the other two groups of 273 and 302 cows (57\%). Second insemination results were not affected by the treatments; neither were final pregnancy rates. Birth weights were higher for bull than heifer calves (36.9 vs 33.0kg; p<0.01), but were not affected by treatment. The results of this trial showed that the P4 + GnRH treatment did have normal fertility and that GnRH injected 12 or 13 days after first insemination could increase conception rates. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Taufa VK and Macmillan KL and Day AM and Ashcroft MJ and Morgan S}
}
@conference {40939,
	title = {Efficacy of an anoestrous treatment for dairy cows is reduced if administered within 3 weeks of calving.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {228-230},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The effect of treating dairy cows with anovulatory anoestrus (n=660) at various intervals post-partum was investigated. Treatment consisted of priming with progesterone using an intravaginal device (CIDR-B) for 6 days, with an injection of oestradiol benzoate 24h after device removal. The mean interval from treatment termination to conception tended to be greater for cows calved less than 3 weeks at diagnosis than contemporaries calved at least 3 weeks (32.8 6.3 vs 23.7 {\textpm} 1.1 days; p<0.1). Final empty rate was higher for cows diagnosed and treated within 3 weeks post-partum (39\% vs 13\%; p<0.001). Survival analysis accounted for the higher empty rate to determine the probability of pregnancy over time. Cows calved less than 3 weeks at treatment had a lower probability of pregnancy than contemporaries calved at least 3 weeks (p<0.01). This study found a negative effect of treating anoestrous cows within 3 weeks post-partum. Further work should define the nature of this problem and the value of delaying treatment until at least 3 weeks after calving. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nation DP and Macmillan KL and Taufa VK}
}
@conference {40942,
	title = {Manipulating Ovaries{\textquoteright} Follicle Wave Patterns Can Partially Synchronise Returns to Service and Increases the Pregnancy rate to Second Insemination},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {237},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The recognised roles of oestradiol in the bovine oestrous cycle include stimulating behavioural symptoms of oestrus, facilitating spontaneous luteolysis and initiating the ovulatory surge of LH. An important ancillary role with progesterone is to inhibit the release of gonadotrophins (Burke et al.,1996). Oestradiol administered by injection or per vaginum can perturb follicle development with consequent effects on responses to superovulation (Bo et al.,1994) and on synchrony patterns (Macmillan et al.,1993). The hypotheses which were tested in the following trial were that injecting a low dose of oestradiol benzoate (1mg ODB) at about mid-dioestrus during the cycle follow-ing first insemination: (i) would not reduce the pregnancy rate to this insemination; but (ii) would alter the pattern of returns to service; and (iii) could affect the pregnancy rate to the second insemination.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM}
}
@conference {40943,
	title = {Oestradiol Concentrates the Synchrony Pattern in Heifers Treated with Progesterone and Prostaglania F2alpha.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {238},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Oestradiol has been successfully used to synchronise oestrus and ovulation in anoestrous dairy cows first treated with progesterone for at least 5 days and then injected with oestradiol benzoate (ODB) during the following 24 to 48 h (Macmillan et al., 1994). The ovulatory effects are associ-ated with the ability of oestradiol to induce a surge of LH, especially during pro-oestrus. Although oestradiol has been injected in the period of pro-oestrus following an injection of prostaglandin F2α(PGF), this form of oestra-diol use has not been advocated even though the precision of synchrony is enhanced (Macmillan, K.L.; Burke, C.R.,1996).},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK}
}
@conference {40945,
	title = {The responses of lactating cows treated for anoestrus to an oestradiol capsule or an oestradiol injection.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {241},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Postpartum anovulatory anoestrus is a mjor form of infertility among cows in dairy herds inNew Zealand. The currently recommended treatment involves a 5-day prim-ing with progersterone (P4) released from a CIDR TM device (InterAg, NZ), with a 10 mg gelatin of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) and 1 g lactose capsule (CIDR TM; InterAg, NZ) placed in the grooved surface of the device preceding device insertion, and an injection of ODB (CIDIROLTM ; InterAg, NZ) given intramuscularly at 24 to 48h following device removal.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Taufa VK and Macmillan KL and Nation DP and Day AM and Ashcroft MJ}
}
@conference {40853,
	title = {Patterns of oestrus vary with different forms of synchrony},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {347-349},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The original objective of a trial conducted in 3 herds of Friesian  heifers was to compare pregnancy rates obtained when each animal was  synchronised and then inseminated at about 50 h after removal of a  subcutaneous ear implant (CrestarTM) or an intravaginal device  (GenermateTM). Because most of the heifers in the CrestarTM group were  in oestrus before any of the herdmates treated with the GenermateTM  system, the CrestarTM treated heifers were inseminated at either 28 h or 50  h after implant removal. Over the 3 herds, 64\% of 153 heifers treated with Crestar were in oestrus by  28 h after implant removal compared to 7\% of their GenermateTM treated  (n=155) herdmates (P<0.01). The average pregnancy rate to first  insemination of 56.3\% was similar for both synchrony treatments, and for  the two insemination times in CrestarTM treated heifers. The earlier onset of oestrus in heifers treated using the CrestarTM system  was possibly associated either with persistent and dominant ovarian  follicles, or to the injected oestradiol valerate producing behavioural  symptoms of oestrus. Nonetheless, inseminating heifers with a shortened  interval to oestrus at 28 h rather than 50 h after implant removal may avoid  reductions in pregnancy rate which occur with inseminations made after the  end of oestrus, or with heifers which ovulate a persistent dominant follicle. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Morris GR}
}
@conference {40854,
	title = {Varying the form of oestradiol administration in anoestrous cows previously treated with progesterone},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {350-352},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The hypothesis tested in this field trial was that 1 mg oestradiol  benzoate (ODB) could be equally effective where administered to  anoestrous animals either by intramuscular injection or in a gelatin capsule  per vaginum. The ODB treatment was administered to 412 cows in 8 dairy  herds 24 h after the end of a 6-day priming treatment with progesterone, also  administered per vaginum. By 48 h after ODB administration, 87\% of injected animals had been  detected in oestrus and inseminated compared to only 44\% of herdmates  receiving the gelatin capsule (P<0.01). Re-examination of those animals not  detected in oestrus by 13 days after ODB treatment showed that 30\% of  capsule-treated animals were still anoestrus and another 10\% had ovulated  without being detected in oestrus. Comparable percentages for the injected  animals were 3\% and 2\% respectively (P<0.01). The vaginal treatment was  also associated with a reduced pregnancy rate to first insemination (31.7\%  vs 47.7\%; P<0.05). The reduced efficacy associated with the vaginal administration of ODB to  anoestrous animals most probably involved a prolonged rate of absorption  which did not stimulate behavioural oestrus or an ovulatory surge of LH but  did reduce fertility in those animals which were inseminated.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM}
}
@conference {40723,
	title = {Some effects of using progesterone and oestradiol benzoate to stimulate oestrus and ovulation in dairy cows with anovulatory anoestrus},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {239-241},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Anovulatory anoestrus (AA) is a major form of infertility in pasture-  fed dairy cows in New Zealand and is most frequently treated by injecting  equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCF) after pre-treatment with progesterone  (P4). The effectiveness of this treatment varies between herds. Injecting  oestradiol benzoate (ODB) from 24 h to 48 h following PA4 and ODB  priming can also induce oestrus and ovulation in AA cows. Two field trials  compared responses in 572 cows with AA treated with P4 alone, P4 + eCG  and P4 + ODB. The P4 was administered per vaginum for 5 or 7 days using  a CIDR device.   An injection of 1 mg ODB at 48 h after device removal in Trial 1 increased  the insemination submission rate during the following 4 days from 55\%  among cows treated with P4, or P4 + eCG to 75\%, and reduced the incidence  of non-responding cows from 21\% to 3\%. In Trial 2, the comparable results  to ODB treatments were 86\% inseminated and 3\% not responding.   The increased submission rates were not due to the ODB producing oestrus  without ovulation. Consequently, 42\% of anoestrous cows treated with ODB  conceived during the first week of AB, 75\% conceived after 6 weeks of AB  and only 5.5\% were finally not pregnant. Comparable figures for herdmates  treated with P4 but not injected with ODB were 29\%, 66\% and 12\%  respectively.   Injecting a low dose of ODB from 24 to 48 h after P4 pre-treatment can be  used to successfully treat AA in dairy cows.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM and McDougall S}
}
@conference {40505,
	title = {Combination treatments for synchronising oestrus in dairy heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {267-270},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Twelve mature Romney ewes were housed and fed to maintain a constant bodyweight for 14 months. Monthly midside samples were collected and individual fibres measured by projection microscope for fibre and medulla diameter. Medullated fibres were observed in fibre diameter classes between 14 and 70 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Day AM}
}
@conference {40055,
	title = {Some effects of injecting a prostaglandin F2 alpha (Lutalyse) during the post-partum period on the subsequent fertility of dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1987},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {65-68},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The need to determine the scientific base and cost-effectiveness of traditional inspection methods is particularly important in New Zealand, a major exporter of sheep meat. Risk assessment as applied to potential human health hazards in a broad sphere can also be adapted to risk associated with a meat inspection programme. Risk associated with an export inspection programme aimed at maintaining market access must include human health, animal health and aesthetic defects.  A quantitative risk assessment model is described for 2 different inspection methods for liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) in adult sheep.  Unless sensitivity and specificity data are produced, quantitative risk assessments are statistically invalid. Determination of specificity also allows cost-benefit analyses to be correctly performed.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Day AM and Taufa VK and Henderson HV and Allison PA}
}
@conference {39884,
	title = {Recent trends in conception rates and return patterns in AB herds and their effects on calving patterns},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1984},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {63-66},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The average milkfat test for groups of first Friesian x Jersey (FJ) cows in 9 Waikato herds was 4.68\%, ranging from 4.36\% to 5.46\%. Animals with 75\% Friesian breeding had an average test 0.05\% lower than their first cross contemporaries whereas those with 25\% Friesian breeding had an average test which was 0.25\% higher. Variation in colour and height at withers were not reliable indicators of an FJ animal{\textquoteright}s test. Regression analyses with records of sires{\textquoteright} progeny-tested by the New Zealand Dairy Board from 1961 to 1979 showed that each 1 unit increase in milkfat breeding index (BI) in Jerseys was associated with an increase of 0.85 units in milk BI. The comparable figure for Friesians was 0.55 milk BI units. Since 1961, the average milkfat BI of Jersey sires selected for further use has increased by 24 units (117 to 141) with an associated increase in milk BI of 14 units (114 to 128). Comparable changes for Friesian sires were 17 units (121 to 138) and 6 units (115 to 121). The average live weight at calving over 4 seasons at Ruakura for high BI Jerseys was 385 kg compared to 404 kg for {\textquoteright}AB{\textquoteright} Friesians. The concurrent increases in milk and milkfat BI{\textquoteright}s in the Jersey breed may have been associated with a greater increase in live weight than in the Friesian breed. Owners of herds of FJ cows need not expect substantial changes in milkfat test or live weight through the continued use of Friesian sires to produce replacement heifers.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK and Phillips P}
}
@conference {39821,
	title = {Increasing pregnancy rates in New Zealand dairy cattle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1983},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {53-58},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Data from 4 experiments involving comparisons of cows of high (HBI) and low (LBI) breeding index summarised. In 2 stall feeding experiments, the differences (H-L) in daily intake (kg DM/100 kg LW) were -0.08 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Macmillan KL and Taufa VK}
}
